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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.

Search results

Showing 1 to 10 of 76 (0.024 seconds)

Spelling suggestions: "subject:"xenobiotic"" "subject:"cenobiotic""

1

The role of collagen-based substrates in maintainning hepatocyte phenotype in primary culture

Kataropoulou, Margarita January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
615
Xenobiotic toxicity
2

The in vitro metabolism of isomeric aromatic diazines and some related compounds

Altuntas, Tunca Gul January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
615.1
Xenobiotic metabolism
3

Cloning and expression of a herbicide metabolising cytochrome P450 in plants

Partridge, Toby January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
580
Xenobiotic degradation
4

The genetic basis of impaired CYP2D6 activity and its relationship to disease susceptibility

Armstrong, Martin John January 1993 (has links)
No description available.
572.8
Xenobiotic metabolism
5

The toxicity of xenobiotics to, and their biotransformation by, green microalgae

Todd, Sarah Jane January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
579
Xenobiotic compounds
6

The biochemistry of mammalian C-S lyases

Buckberry, Lorraine Dawn January 1990 (has links)
No description available.
572
Xenobiotic metabolism
7

Phase II metabolism during percutaneous penetration

Moss, Timothy January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
615.9
Sulphation; Glucuronidation; Xenobiotic
8

Gene expression of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in rat liver and kidney: differential effects of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas

Abrahams, Sameega January 2011 (has links)
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mso-style-parent:"" / mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt / mso-para-margin-top:0cm / mso-para-margin-right:0cm / mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt / mso-para-margin-left:0cm / line-height:115% / mso-pagination:widow-orphan / font-size:11.0pt / font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif" / mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri / mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri / mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi / mso-fareast-language:EN-US / } </style> <![endif]--></p> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm / margin-bottom:.0001pt / line-height: normal / mso-layout-grid-align:none / text-autospace:none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">Laboratory studies, epidemiological investigations and human clinical trials indicate</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">that flavonoids have important effects on cancer chemoprevention and therapy.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">Flavonoids may interfere in several steps that lead to cancer development but may</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">also lead to toxicity as the inhibition of carcinogen-activating enzymes may also cause</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">potential toxic flavonoid-drug interactions. However, the potential toxicity of these</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">dietary components has not been well studied. The use of polyphenol-enriched</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">supplements prepared from South African herbal teas, rooibos (</span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">Aspalathus linearis</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">)</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">and honeybush (</span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">Cyclopia </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">spp.) are being marketed to alleviate symptoms that are</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">known to be &ldquo / cured&rdquo / by the herbal teas. However, there is a lack of information</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">regarding the possible health promoting effects of these polyphenol-enriched extracts</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">on xenobiotic metabolism. In the present study, the modulating effects of aspalathinenriched</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">rooibos and mangiferin-enriched C. </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">genistoides </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">and </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">C. subternata </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">extracts on</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">the gene expression of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes (XMEs) were investigated </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">vivo </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">in the rat liver and kidneys. An </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">study, utilising a primary rat hepatocyte cell</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">model, was included to further evaluate changes in the expression of selected XMEs</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">by the herbal tea extracts, including their major polyphenolic constituents, aspalathin</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">and mangiferin. The use of the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">primary hepatocytes assay as a predictive cell</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">model for the modulation of the expression of XMEs genes by the herbal tea extracts</span> <i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">was critically evaluated.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">In the liver and kidneys, the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">C. subternata </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">polyphenol-enriched herbal tea extract</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">effected the majority of changes regarding the expression of XMEs genes when</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">compared to the rooibos and </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">C. genistoides</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">. Variations in the modulation of gene</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">expression of the XMEs by the herbal tea extracts were related to differences in their</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">polyphenol constituents, although non-polyphenolic constituent could also be involved.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">Overall the herbal teas regulated alcohol, energy, drug and steroid metabolism in the</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">liver, whereas in the kidneys the gene expression of phase I, phase II, steroid</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">metabolising enzymes, as well as drug transporters were modulated. It would appear</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">that the herbal teas are likely to exhibit both beneficial and adverse effects </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">, depending on the specific organ, the xenobiotic and/or drug that are involved. The</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">primary rat hepatocytes model display varying effects with respect to modulating gene</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">expression of specific XMEs by the polyphenol-enriched herbal tea extracts. Apart</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">from the reduction in 17<span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:TT61t00 / mso-bidi-font-family:TT61t00">&beta / </span>-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene expression care should</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">be taken to directly extrapolate the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">findings to changes that prevail </span><i><span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">However, interesting results regarding the masking effect of complex mixture on the</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">modulation of XME gene expression of individual polyphenols were encountered. In</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">addition differences in the dose and duration of exposure between the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">and </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">vivo </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">studies were not comparable and should be further explored to validate the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro</span></i> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">primary hepatocytes model to predict changes </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">. Future studies should</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">investigate the effects of the herbal tea extracts, its polyphenols and etabolites on</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica"> ME induction at a protein level as well as varying herb-drug-enzyme interactions.</span></p> <p>&nbsp / </p>
Xenobiotic metabolising enzymes
9

The biodegradation of phenols by a eukaryotic alga

Semple, Kirk Taylor January 1994 (has links)
Axenic cultures of Chiamydomonas ulvaensis [CCAP 11/58], Scenedesmus brasiliensis [CCAP 276/1 B] and Ochromonas danica [0CAP933/28] were screened for their ability to grow on and remove phenol from their incubation media. Neither C. ulvaensis nor S. brasiliensis removed the phenol substrate as rapidly as 0. danica which is a nutritionally versatile chrysophyte. 0. danica was found to grow on phenol and p-cresol as the sole C-source at concentrations up to 4mM in cultures grown in both photoheterotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The alga would not grow on cresols or xylenols unless phenol was present. Oxygen uptake and turnover studies confirmed that the enzymes involved in phenolic catabolism were inducible and that the organism showed a decrease in activity resulting from the position and number of the methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. [U- 14C]Phenol was completely mineralised with some 65% of the 14C-label appearing as 14CO2, approximately 12% remaining in the aqueous medium and the rest accounted for in the biomass. Analysis of the biomass showed that 14C-label had been incorporated into the protein, nucleic acid and lipid fractions; phenol carbon is thus unequivocally assimilated by the alga. Phenol-grown cultures of 0. danica converted phenol to catechol which was further metabolised by the meta cleavage pathway. 2-Hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and pyruvate, characteristic products of meta cleavage, were found in incubations of catechol with cell-free extracts of phenol-grown cells together with the appropriate enzyme activities. This is , as far as I am aware, the first definitive identification of the meta cleavage pathway for aromatic ring degradation in a eukaryotic microorganism.
628.168
Xenobiotic compounds
10

Gene expression of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in rat liver and kidney: differential effects of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas

Abrahams, Sameega January 2011 (has links)
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mso-style-parent:"" / mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt / mso-para-margin-top:0cm / mso-para-margin-right:0cm / mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt / mso-para-margin-left:0cm / line-height:115% / mso-pagination:widow-orphan / font-size:11.0pt / font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif" / mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri / mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri / mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi / mso-fareast-language:EN-US / } </style> <![endif]--></p> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm / margin-bottom:.0001pt / line-height: normal / mso-layout-grid-align:none / text-autospace:none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">Laboratory studies, epidemiological investigations and human clinical trials indicate</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">that flavonoids have important effects on cancer chemoprevention and therapy.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">Flavonoids may interfere in several steps that lead to cancer development but may</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">also lead to toxicity as the inhibition of carcinogen-activating enzymes may also cause</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">potential toxic flavonoid-drug interactions. However, the potential toxicity of these</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">dietary components has not been well studied. The use of polyphenol-enriched</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">supplements prepared from South African herbal teas, rooibos (</span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">Aspalathus linearis</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">)</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">and honeybush (</span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">Cyclopia </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">spp.) are being marketed to alleviate symptoms that are</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">known to be &ldquo / cured&rdquo / by the herbal teas. However, there is a lack of information</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">regarding the possible health promoting effects of these polyphenol-enriched extracts</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">on xenobiotic metabolism. In the present study, the modulating effects of aspalathinenriched</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">rooibos and mangiferin-enriched C. </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">genistoides </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">and </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">C. subternata </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">extracts on</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">the gene expression of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes (XMEs) were investigated </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">vivo </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">in the rat liver and kidneys. An </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">study, utilising a primary rat hepatocyte cell</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">model, was included to further evaluate changes in the expression of selected XMEs</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">by the herbal tea extracts, including their major polyphenolic constituents, aspalathin</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">and mangiferin. The use of the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">primary hepatocytes assay as a predictive cell</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">model for the modulation of the expression of XMEs genes by the herbal tea extracts</span> <i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">was critically evaluated.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">In the liver and kidneys, the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">C. subternata </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">polyphenol-enriched herbal tea extract</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">effected the majority of changes regarding the expression of XMEs genes when</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">compared to the rooibos and </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">C. genistoides</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">. Variations in the modulation of gene</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">expression of the XMEs by the herbal tea extracts were related to differences in their</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">polyphenol constituents, although non-polyphenolic constituent could also be involved.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">Overall the herbal teas regulated alcohol, energy, drug and steroid metabolism in the</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">liver, whereas in the kidneys the gene expression of phase I, phase II, steroid</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">metabolising enzymes, as well as drug transporters were modulated. It would appear</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">that the herbal teas are likely to exhibit both beneficial and adverse effects </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">, depending on the specific organ, the xenobiotic and/or drug that are involved. The</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">primary rat hepatocytes model display varying effects with respect to modulating gene</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">expression of specific XMEs by the polyphenol-enriched herbal tea extracts. Apart</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">from the reduction in 17<span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:TT61t00 / mso-bidi-font-family:TT61t00">&beta / </span>-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene expression care should</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">be taken to directly extrapolate the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">findings to changes that prevail </span><i><span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">.</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">However, interesting results regarding the masking effect of complex mixture on the</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">modulation of XME gene expression of individual polyphenols were encountered. In</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">addition differences in the dose and duration of exposure between the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">and </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in</span></i> <i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">vivo </span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family: &quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">studies were not comparable and should be further explored to validate the </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica-Oblique">in vitro</span></i> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">primary hepatocytes model to predict changes </span><i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:Helvetica-Oblique / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica-Oblique">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-size:11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica">. Future studies should</span> <span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">investigate the effects of the herbal tea extracts, its polyphenols and etabolites on</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt / font-family:&quot / Helvetica&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica"> ME induction at a protein level as well as varying herb-drug-enzyme interactions.</span></p> <p>&nbsp / </p>
Xenobiotic metabolising enzymes

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