Grinding is integral to tacking and gybing manoeuvres in America’s Cup sailing. Grinding is a standing position cyclic upper body task requiring manual arm cranking of winches, which control movement of the mast and sails. Limited information exists on biomechanical factors involved in grinding performance. This thesis determined technique and muscular performance characteristics of sailors related to grinding performance, and effects of a training intervention on grinding performance. Reliability of grinding ergometer performance testing was evaluated across direction, load and heel conditions. In all conditions relative performance between individuals was consistent (r = 0.84-0.99) and the grinding performance test differentiated well between individuals. External work had lower overall variation (1.6-3.9%) than peak power (1.3-5.4%), especially when grinding against greater loads. Grinding performance was less consistent in heeled conditions (4.6-6.9%) than on the flat, but grinding direction did not affect reliability. Performance changes over 4% could be interpreted with confidence. Peak torque occurred at 95° (77 N m) and 35° (69 N m) for forward and backward grinding respectively (0° = grinding crank vertically up). Torque of >50 N m was maintained through 72% of the cycle during forward grinding but only 47% for backward grinding. Differences were attributed to a greater spread of active muscles throughout the cycle for forward grinding, and contrasting movements contributing most to torque – upper body push for forward grinding and pull for backward grinding. Variant characteristics of the two grinding directions provide some explanation for the significant advantage (+8.0%, p<0.001) when grinding in pairs with an anterior-posterior heel compared to a medio-lateral heel. Movement characteristics did not readily explain why an anterior-posterior heel may be more advantageous under higher grinding loads (1.0%, p = 0.254), while medio-lateral heel is better at lower loads (2.0%, p = 0.017). Muscular performance of sailors, examined using an instrumented Smith machine, showed force and 1RM strength were greater in the bench press by ~17%. Velocity and power output were greater for the bench pull across the range of loads with the difference increasing exponentially as load increased to over 400% higher at 1RM load. Bench press 1RM and maximum force capability demonstrated strongest correlations with forward grinding performance (r = 0.88-0.99 and 0.87-0.99 respectively) with the relationship increasing with grinding load. There was a strong relationship for backward grinding with bench pull maximum power (r = 0.85-0.98) in addition to 1RM (r = 0.90-0.95) and maximum force (r = 0.87-0.95). Backward grinding performance showed greater improvements in the power-focussed training group than the control group for moderate (+1.8%) and heavy load (+6.0%) grinding in the intervention study. Changes in maximum power output and power at 1RM had large correlations (r = 0.56-0.61) with changes in both moderate and heavy load grinding performance. Time to peak force explained 70% of the change in heavy load grinding performance. Performance benefits from the training intervention were not entirely clear, but the likelihood of a detrimental effect was low (<5%), therefore further training intervention was recommended.

Grinding is integral to tacking and gybing manoeuvres in America’s Cup sailing. Grinding is a standing position cyclic upper body task requiring manual arm cranking of winches, which control movement of the mast and sails. Limited information exists on biomechanical factors involved in grinding performance. This thesis determined technique and muscular performance characteristics of sailors related to grinding performance, and effects of a training intervention on grinding performance. Reliability of grinding ergometer performance testing was evaluated across direction, load and heel conditions. In all conditions relative performance between individuals was consistent (r = 0.84-0.99) and the grinding performance test differentiated well between individuals. External work had lower overall variation (1.6-3.9%) than peak power (1.3-5.4%), especially when grinding against greater loads. Grinding performance was less consistent in heeled conditions (4.6-6.9%) than on the flat, but grinding direction did not affect reliability. Performance changes over 4% could be interpreted with confidence. Peak torque occurred at 95° (77 N m) and 35° (69 N m) for forward and backward grinding respectively (0° = grinding crank vertically up). Torque of >50 N m was maintained through 72% of the cycle during forward grinding but only 47% for backward grinding. Differences were attributed to a greater spread of active muscles throughout the cycle for forward grinding, and contrasting movements contributing most to torque – upper body push for forward grinding and pull for backward grinding. Variant characteristics of the two grinding directions provide some explanation for the significant advantage (+8.0%, p<0.001) when grinding in pairs with an anterior-posterior heel compared to a medio-lateral heel. Movement characteristics did not readily explain why an anterior-posterior heel may be more advantageous under higher grinding loads (1.0%, p = 0.254), while medio-lateral heel is better at lower loads (2.0%, p = 0.017). Muscular performance of sailors, examined using an instrumented Smith machine, showed force and 1RM strength were greater in the bench press by ~17%. Velocity and power output were greater for the bench pull across the range of loads with the difference increasing exponentially as load increased to over 400% higher at 1RM load. Bench press 1RM and maximum force capability demonstrated strongest correlations with forward grinding performance (r = 0.88-0.99 and 0.87-0.99 respectively) with the relationship increasing with grinding load. There was a strong relationship for backward grinding with bench pull maximum power (r = 0.85-0.98) in addition to 1RM (r = 0.90-0.95) and maximum force (r = 0.87-0.95). Backward grinding performance showed greater improvements in the power-focussed training group than the control group for moderate (+1.8%) and heavy load (+6.0%) grinding in the intervention study. Changes in maximum power output and power at 1RM had large correlations (r = 0.56-0.61) with changes in both moderate and heavy load grinding performance. Time to peak force explained 70% of the change in heavy load grinding performance. Performance benefits from the training intervention were not entirely clear, but the likelihood of a detrimental effect was low (<5%), therefore further training intervention was recommended.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Murdoch University, 1985. / Bibliography.

Thesis. 1975. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Ocean Engineering. / Includes bibliographical references. / by George S. Hazen. / M.S.

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In this dissertation, I tell the story of how philanthropic-like entities emerged in collaboration with the yachting industry to become highly publicized icons of ocean exploration in the 21st century. Through interviews, participant observation, and media analysis, I argue that these entities are different in several ways from conventional philanthropic organizations. To elucidate this distinction, I call the phenomenon “Marine Philanthro-tourism,” that is, a philanthropic-like activity promoted by the yachting industry and organized on behalf of ultrawealthy ocean enthusiasts, which involves bringing scientists aboard privately owned vessels to conduct research. If you are interested in the anthropology of science, and ocean science in particular, then you may learn from this dissertation about one way in which private capital is entering that field through the interests of yacht owners and their advisors. If you are interested in a critical analysis of the philanthropy of the global elite, then I will attempt to show you how the phenomenon of marine philanthro-tourism, admittedly just a very tiny sliver of the ultrawealthy’s activities in the world, can nevertheless elucidate significant aspects of their contemporary sociopolitical role. Readers with an interest in the anthropology of tourism may also find this dissertation pertinent as I examine how a boutique tourism industry has helped to develop a form of philanthropic activity.

The graduation thesis deals with the analysis of Croatian tourism with emphasis on water sports, specifically yachting. The first part is a theoretical part which concerns problems of geography of tourism. Next chapter entitled Presumptions for tourism in the Republic of Croatia, where they are applied to particular presumptions of tourism on the territory of the Republic of Croatia. The second part is based on an analysis of development and current state of tourism and recreation in Croatia, with a view to statistics of visit rate and statistics of accommodation. The fundamental section are chapters devoted to sailing and marinas on the Croatian coast. In the last part was the main task the analysis of marinas according to official statistics, to create own typology of marinas and to devise own route across the sites with quality conditions for sailing. The tables, graphs and maps, which serve mainly to demonstrate and clarify the findings are components this graduation thesis.

This thesis explores the process of elite sport policy change in three sports (swimming, athletics and sailing/yachting) in Canada and the United Kingdom (UK). The nature of policy change is a complex and multi-faceted process and a primary aim of the study is to identify and analyse key sources of policy change in four elements of elite sport programming: i) the development of elite level facilities; ii) the emergence of 'full-time' swimmers, athletes and sailors; iii) the adoption of a more professional and scientific approach to coaching, sports science and sports medicine; and iv) competition opportunities and structures at the elite level. The study focuses on the meso-level of analysis, which centres on the structures and patterns of relationships in respect of three Canadian national sporting organisations (NSOs) and three UK national governing bodies of sport (NGBs) - representing the three sports cited above. The macro-level of analysis is also considered, where the primary concern is to analyse relations of power between governmenta nd quasi-governmentasl porting agenciesa nd the respective NSOs/NGBs. A case study approach is adopted, focusing on the six NSOs/NGBs, wherein a qualitative methodology is utilised in order to elicit data in respect of policy change in the four key elements of elite sport programming set out above. Within the case study approach, the advocacy coalition framework has proved useful in drawing attention to the notion of changing values and belief systems as a key source of policy change, as well as highlighting the need to take into account factors external to the policy subsystem under investigation. In Canada, it is evident that the preoccupation with high performance sport over the past 30 years, at federal government level, has perceptibly altered over the past two to three years. In contrast, in the UK, from the mid-1990s onwards, there has been a noticeable shift towards supporting elite sport objectives from both Conservative and Labour administrations. The study concludes that it is only by exploring specific sports through a comparative-analytic framework that a better understanding of policy change, within the complex and multi-layered sport policy process, might be achieved.

Title: Application meteorology and historical comparison between weather(meteorological) conditions for yachting and water sports Objectives: To be making maps about windsurfing sports within specific locations. Prove or disprove scientific research about weather conditions changing from 1980 to 2014 years. It's about yachting and water sports at the same locations. Methods: Diploma is descriptive and analytic article. There are methods like research, selections of sources, analysis of information and final synthesis everything knowledge. Results: Description four water ponds for water sports and analytic work with database about weather conditions in the studying locations. Keywords: Meteorology, wind, spot, water sport, yachting.

Title: Use of meteorology and historicalcomparisons atmospheric conditions for yachting and water. Objectives: At work I use two basic methods of research. The method of content analysis and interview. Content analysis, I get the information for the theoretical part of the work, using professional sailing and meteorological publications. Furthermore, the method of non-standardized interview, which I took while visiting Mathematics - Physics Faculty at Charles University, Department of Meteorology and Climatology. Here I have discussed his work with Dr.. Joseph Brechler, PhD. Furthermore, with top windsurfing in the Black foothills and Nechranické dam. Methods: At work I used as a basic research methods method of content analysis and interview. Content analysis, I gained information for the theoretical part, the professional sailing and meteorological publications that deal with the issue. Non-standardized interview method I used when visiting Mathematics - Physics Faculty at Charles University, Department of Meteorology and Climatology. Here I discuss my work with Dr.. Joseph Brechler, PhD., Then Ing. Ružbatský in the foothills of the Black and F.Kasík of Nechranice. For wider acquaintance with the issues I was trying to get other sources of information on various internet portals related to...