The general subject of this study is the post war development of the decentralized YMCA:. the specific study in its application in a particular section of Vancouver (two "local communities" in.the south-eastern section of Vancouver). The Fairmount YMCA, established initially in Fairview-Mount Pleasant area, and the extension of *YT services to become, in I960, the Fraserview-Killarney.. Branch, are analyzed over a fourteen year period. The study is an historical analysis of community organization process, and of group work in meeting the recreational needs of the Fraserview and Killarney citizens. Decentralization of agency-administration as the principle of an individualized service, through the opportunity for local responsibility and control, is critically appraised in the light of results. The role of the professional worker, and the process of community organization for recreation, is analyzed through the use of process recordings. For the Fraserview-Killarney YMCA, as well as for other Branches of the Vancouver YMCA,.the study indicates that the role of the YMCA in the. residential community is to supplement public recreation and other community services. The changing social structure of the community, and the need for the YMCA to broaden and adapt "family type" services, both demonstrate that the YMCA,-as well as other private agencies, will need to retain a_flexible structure of operation if it is to retain the interest of the people concerned in voluntary participation. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The parent-child relationship is significant throughout the life course, although both positive and negative changes occur as children reach adulthood and develop an identity independent of their family of origin. Grief resulting from parental loss during this time may be a product of many variables including age, relationship quality, and sex roles. The current study examined several variables potentially influencing grief after the death of a parent. As part of a larger study, adults (n = 180) completed measures assessing parental involvement, personal grief and adjustment, as well as sex role preferences. The archival data were subjected to analyses of covariance, taking into account time since the death and children’s sex role preferences (traditional or egalitarian). Female sex of the child was significant in predicting several aspects of grief, suggesting that women have a stronger emotional experience of grief. This may be a result of young women’s stronger emotional bonds with parents when compared to men, feelings of exclusion from college peers during bereavement, or vulnerability for rumination. Sex role preferences were also influential in several aspects of grief. Sex of the parent was not significant, although the interaction for sex of the parent and sex of the child was, suggesting that for daughters, the loss of a mother may be particularly difficult. Results suggest that women may express more intense emotions as part of the grief process and maintain stronger bonds with the deceased, although this likely depends heavily on cultural, familial, and religious contexts, as well as cause of death.

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Tamora Pierce’s work has been cited by many Young Adult fantasy authors as a major influence in recent years. Despite this, her work remains relatively obscure among librarians and readers of Young Adult literature. This paper examined one of Pierce’s Young Adult fantasy series, Protector of the Small, by comparing the series to existing works of Young Adult fantasy literature commonly accepted as classic or canonical literature. Among the comparative works were titles authored by C. S. Lewis, J. K. Rowling, and Philip Pullman. Comparison was character-focused, with emphasis on the representation of parents, other sympathetic adults, peers, and family units. Some comparison was also focused on the representation of antagonists in the selected works. The aim of the comparative analysis was to serve as a guide for librarians, teachers, and readers of Young Adult literature to better understand potential target audiences for the Protector of the Small quartet. It was found that target audiences for the series would likely seek or benefit from the Protector of the Small quartet’s inclusion of supportive parental and mentor figures, strong familial bonds, and supportive and communicative peers. Target audiences would also seek literature with nuanced antagonists capable of character growth. Most prominently, target audiences would seek Young Adult fantasy literature that addresses real-world issues and challenges for young women, including sexism, puberty, and reproductive healthcare.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Clinical Psychology) in the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2018. / In this study, the qualitative approach was used to study the experiences of growing up as a stepchild. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of growing up as a stepchild for young adults at university level. Half of the participants were male and half were females between the ages of 18 and 25. The results were presented as themes that were found to be common amongst the participants’ narratives. The themes are discussed and recommendations were made for functional stepfamily relationships and environment.

L’expérience juvénile est retracée à partir des actes du quotidien et des évènements plus exceptionnels. Jusqu’à la Grande Guerre, et encore durant l’entre-deux-guerres, les enfants des milieux populaires entretiennent une relation riche avec les espaces publics auxquels sont attribués de nombreux rôles. Des cultures enfantines et adolescentes se construisent. Cependant, après 1945, la vie urbaine s’appauvrit au profit d’une logique utilitaire. À chaque espace tend à être attribué un rôle : dans les rues, la circulation autour de deux pôles, le trottoir et la chaussée, dans les espaces verts, la détente et les loisirs, les espaces interstitiels représentés par les terrains vagues ou les anciennes fortifications sont bâtis et disparaissent de l’accessibilité publique. Les contraintes sont de plus en plus fortes, les enfants sont progressivement refoulés des espaces publics qu’ils occupaient jusqu’alors. À la fin de la période étudiée, la rue n’est plus guère le lieu des pratiques récréatives qui se trouvent circonscrites dans des espaces strictement définis à cet usage. En opposition à l’utilisation libre des espaces extérieurs, l’encadrement autour des enfants et des adolescents s’accroît. En conséquence, ils perdent progressivement leur légitimité à agir seuls, par eux-mêmes en tant qu’enfants ou adolescents. Dès lors, l’espace public contribue à matérialiser et à fortifier les catégories d’âge en accentuant les différences entre les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes, à la fois par des lieux et des activités. / The experience of the young experience is traced according to the acts of the everydaylife as well as the the more exceptional events. Until the Great War, and still during the interwar period, working class children maintain a rich relation with the public space, which have numerous roles. Child and adolescent cultures develop. However, after the SecondWorldWar, urban life becomes impoverished for the benefit of a utilitarian logic. Every space tends to have an attributed role : in the streets, the movement is divided between two poles, the pavement and the road ; in the green spaces, the relaxation and the leisure activities. Interstitial spaces are built-up and no more available. The constraints get stronger and stronger. Children are gradually rejected of the public spaces places which they occupied and are more and more supervised. At the end of studied period, the street isn’t quite the place of the entertaining practices which are confined in spaces used exclusively for this purpose. Children and young people lose gradually their legitimacy to act alone or by themselves. The use of public space contributes to strengthen the categories of age by stressing the differences between children, teenagers and adults in terms of places and activities.

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