Pyrazoles have been intensely studied in the design and synthesis of biologically active agents because they display considerable medicinal activities. Recent studies have shown that integration of a ferrocenyl unit with structural features of pyrazoles can result in the formation of the new products with enhanced or/and unexpected biological activity since several ferrocene derivatives have already been illustrated to be active against a number of tumors. Therefore, we have investigated the electrophilic cyclizations of the hydrazones to afford 5-ferrocenyl-4-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfenyl)-substituted pyrazole derivatives. First, the requisite hydrazone derivatives were synthesized by the reactions of ferrocenyl propargyl aldehydes or ketones with a series of hydrazines. Then electrophilic cyclizations of these hydrazones were investigated by treating with 4-(nitrophenyl)sulfenyl chloride as electrophile. By employing these electrophilic cyclizations, a series of 5-ferrocenyl-4-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfenyl)-1H-pyrazoles, 5-ferrocenyl-4-((4-nitrophenyl) sulfenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazoles and 5-ferrocenyl-4-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles have been synthesized in moderate to good yields.

This research is dedicated to make a foreseeing of the future state of the Kizildere Geothermal Field in order to suggest acceptable solutions to the current problems. The non-isothermal mechanism of the geothermal field is simulated for the pressure and temperature variables. For this purpose, a finite element model (696 four-nodal elements with 750 nodes) of the field is formulated by considering the geological conditions and the present wells already drilled in the area. Then the model is calibrated to the field for the natural state by using appropriate physical properties, boundary and initial conditions. Comparison of the simulated and the observed pressures and temperatures has emphasized a very successful calibration study. After the calibration, response of the field to the production and injection for the period of 1984-2006 has been simulated by applying a history matching study. History matching runs have yielded very good correlations between the observed and the computed values of the pressure and temperature variables. The calibrated and history matched model has been applied to the field to simulate the future performance of the field for different production and injection scenarios. In the first scenario the field is simulated for the next 10-year production period keeping the on-going production conditions. Then, the influence of the production of two new wells has been investigated in two different scenarios. In the forth scenario, the effect of injection from one of the production wells has been simulated.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the difference between SVO and OVS sentences in spoken Russian, which is a language with flexible word order although the basic order is SVO. Two experiments were conducted to understand the nature of intonation. Experiment 1 shows that the Subject appears as kontrast in OVS sentences, and as background in SVO sentences. The F0 curve rises in the Object position when the Subject is kontrast in OVS sentences. The analysis of the results of Experiment 2 shows that the initial element of the sentence plays an important role in intonation. When it is kontrasted, it always has higher (Hz) frequency pitch accent than the final element. There is no difference between SVO and OVS sentences in this respect because the initial element has high pitch accent, whether it is the Subject or the Object. The verb has no pitch accent and it has a flat intonation regardless of the WO of the sentence (SVO, OVS).

In this thesis study, Detached Eddy Simulation turbulence model is studied in two dimension mainly for flow over single element airfoils in high Reynolds numbers to gain experience with model before applying it to a three dimensional simulations. For this aim, Spalart-Allmaras and standard DES ,DES97, turbulence models are implemented to parallel, viscous, hybrid grid flow solver. The flow solver ,Set2d, is written in FORTRAN language. The Navier-Stokes equations are discretized by first order accurately cell centered finite volume method and solved explicitly by using Runge-Kutta dual time integration technique. Inviscid fluxes are computed using Roe flux difference splitting method. The numerical simulations are performed in parallel environment using domain decomposition and PVM library routines for inter-process communications. To take into account the effect of unsteadyness after the convergence is ensured by local time stepping technique for four order magnitude drop in density residual, global time stepping is applied for 20000 iterations. The solution algorithm is validated aganist the numerical and experimental studies for single element airfoils in subsonic and transonic flows. It is seen that Spalart-Allmaras and DES97 turbulence models give the same results in the non-seperated flows. Grey area is investigated by changing $C_{DES}$ coefficient. Modeled Stress Depletion which cause reduction of eddy viscosity is observed.

Nowadays event extraction systems mainly deal with a relatively small amount of information about temporal and modal qualifications of situations, primarily processing assertive sentences in the past tense. However, systems with a wider coverage of tense, aspect and mood can provide better analyses and can be used in a wider range of text analysis applications. This thesis develops such a system for Turkish language. This is accomplished by extending Open Source Information Mining and Analysis (OPTIMA) research group&#039 / s event extraction software, by implementing appropriate extensions in the semantic representation format, by adding a partial grammar which improves the TAM (Tense, Aspect and Mood) marker, adverb analysis and matching functions of ExPRESS, and by constructing an appropriate lexicon in the standard of CORLEONE. These extensions are based on iv the theory of anchoring relations (Tem&uuml / rc&uuml / , 2007, 2011) which is a cross- linguistically applicable semantic framework for analyzing tense, aspect and mood related categories. The result is a system which can, in addition to extracting basic event structures, classify sentences given in news reports according to their temporal, modal and volitional/illocutionary values. Although the focus is on news reports of natural disasters, disease outbreaks and man-made disasters in Turkish language, the approach can be adapted to other languages, domains and genres. This event extraction and classification system, with further developments, can provide a basis for automated browsing systems for preventing environmental and humanitarian risk.

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey is the major academic research management and funding agency in Turkey. As a policy-maker, the council has undertaken very important responsibility in designing a science and technology policy of Turkey. By means of impact analysis, evaluating the ongoing research support programmes is important for designing more effective ones. However, impact of academic research are widely disseminated, journal articles being published and cited, number of academic staff involved in the supported projects, patents, and prototypes could be used as an evaluation instrument for impact analysis. In this study first time, we have figured out the social benefits (in 2008 TL fixed prices) of academic research projects, specifically physics academic research projects that were supported during 1998-2008 by T&Uuml / BiTAK. Return of funds of T&Uuml / BiTAK supported physics projects during 2005-2008 was calculated as 142%, when rate of return was taken 28%.

Fuel cells are expected to play a major role in the economy of this century and for the foreseeable future. The use of hydrogen and fuel cells can address critical challenges in all energy sectors like commercial, residential, industrial, and transportation. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert energy of a chemical reaction directly into electrical energy by combining hydrogen fuel with oxygen from air. If hydrogen is used as fuel, only byproducts are heat and water. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of operating temperature and relative humidity (RH) of reactant gases on proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell performance by adjusting the operation temperature of the fuel cell and humidification temperature of the reactant gases. In this study, the effect of the different operating parameters on the performance of single proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell have been studied experimentally using pure hydrogen on the anode side and air on the cathode side. Experiments with different fuel cell operating temperatures, different air and hydrogen humidification temperatures have been carried out. The experimental results are presented in the form of polarization curves, which show the effects of the various operating parameters on the performance of the PEM fuel cell. The polarization curves data have been fit to a zero dimensional model, and the effect of the fuel cell operation and humidification temperatures on the kinetic parameters and the cell resistance have been determined. The fuel cell has been operated with 1.2 and 2 stoichiometry ratio for hydrogen and air, respectively. Fuel cell performance was detected at different fuel cell operation temperatures changing from 60 to 80 &ordm / C, and relative humidity of the entering gases changing from 20 to 100 % for air and 50 % and 100 % for hydrogen. Tests were performed in a PEM fuel cell test station. The highest performance of 275 mA/cm2 at 0.6 V and 650 mA/cm2 at 0.4 V was obtained for 50 % RH air with a constant 100 % relative humidity of hydrogen for working at atmospheric pressure and 60 oC fuel cell temperature. However, the highest performance of 230 mA/cm2 at 0.6 V for 50 % RH of air with a constant 100 % relative humidity of hydrogen and the highest performance of 530 mA/cm2 at 0.4 V for both 70 % RH and 100% RH air with a constant 100 % relative humidity of hydrogen was obtained for working at atmospheric pressure and 70 oC fuel cell temperature. Besides, the highest performance of 200 mA/cm2 at 0.6 V and 530 mA/cm2 at 0.4 V was obtained for 100 % RH air with a constant 100 % RH of hydrogen for working at atmospheric pressure and 80 oC fuel cell temperature.