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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

General principles of cerebellar organization: correlating anatomy, physiology and biochemistry in the pigeon vestibulocerebellum

Pakan, Janelle Unknown Date
No description available.
2

General principles of cerebellar organization: correlating anatomy, physiology and biochemistry in the pigeon vestibulocerebellum

Pakan, Janelle 11 1900 (has links)
The cerebellum has historically been implicated solely in motor coordination. However, we now know it is a major associative center for sensory input. For example, the vestibulocerebellum (VbC) receives a large projection from retinal recipient nuclei in the Accessory Optic System and pretectum; these nuclei analyze visual optic flow information during self-motion and ultimately function in gaze stabilization. In birds, these nuclei project to the cerebellum directly, as mossy fibres, and indirectly as climbing fibres via the inferior olive. Therefore, there are parallel pathways carrying visual information to the cerebellum; these pathways show a remarkable modular organization. In fact, the pattern of cerebellar afferent and efferent connections, the physiological response properties of Purkinje cells, and a variety of molecular markers, all provide abundant evidence that the vertebrate cerebellum is organized into parasagittal zones. This modular organization exists across several different vertebrate species, suggesting that this basic principle of organization has been evolutionarily conserved and is necessary for fundamental information processing in the cerebellum. Although recent advances have increased our understanding of cerebellar organization, the relationship between these parasagittal patterns and the functional behavior of the cerebellum remains unknown. This dissertation seeks to tie together various features of the zonal organization of the cerebellum, using molecular, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical techniques, and to relate this organization to visual motion processing in the VbC. To investigate the parasagittal biochemical organization we use the molecular marker, zebrin (aldolase C), which is expressed by a subset of Purkinje cells, creating a striped appearance in the cerebellar cortex. We provide the first evidence of the zebrin parasagittal expression pattern in an avian species and then further elucidated the relationship between zebrin stripes and the visual afferent climbing fibre input, mossy fibre input, and the physiological zones in the VbC. There is a substantial, and growing, body of evidence that now suggests a more fundamental cerebellar architecture is built around arrays of parasagittal modules. By understanding the basic principles underlying this organization, we gain insights that may lead to a better understanding of the principles of modular organization in the central nervous system in general. / Neuroscience
3

Development and plasticity of Purkinje cell connections / Développement et plasticité des connexions des cellules de Purkinje

Ady, Visou 19 November 2013 (has links)
Le cervelet est un petit cerveau dans le cerveau. Il contient plus de la moitié du nombre total de neurones du cerveau. Sa structure très régulière est bien connue, toutefois son rôle demeure mystérieux. Le développement essentiellement postnatal du cervelet chez les rongeurs permet d’y étudier la formation activité-dépendante du réseau de neurones. C’est aussi le siège où s’opèrent diverses formes de plasticité synaptique, ce qui en fait un modèle d’étude idéal pour la plasticité synaptique développementale et adulte. Au cours de cette thèse, à l’aide d’enregistrements électophysiologiques en patch-clamp et en extracellulaire sur des tranches aigües de cervelet de souris et grâce aux techniques immunohistochimiques, j’ai étudié trois acteurs importants de la plasticité synaptique et du développement des cellules de Purkinje, les neurones centraux du cortex cérébelleux. Nous avons démontré que l’activation du récepteur métabotropique glutamatergique de type 1 (mGlu1) déclenche l’activation et l’ouverture de GluD2, un récepteur nécessaire au développement et à la plasticité des synapse des cellules de Purkinje (CPs). Nous avons également mis en évidence que les Pannexines 1, des canaux potentiellement impliqué dans la synchronisation neuronale récemment découverts et encore mal caractérisés, sont exprimées par les cellules de Purkinje Zebrine II –immunopositives, suivant les bandes parasagittales que délimitent les microdomaines du cervelet. Enfin, nous avons étudié la physiologie du cortex cérébelleux des souris néonatales, cherchant à caractériser les différents acteurs essentiels à l’activité neuronale de ce cortex en développement très particulier et peu étudié. L’activation du récepteur GluD2 médiée par mGlu1 dans la synapse entre Fibre Parallèle et cellule de Purkinje (synapse PF-PC). GluD2 est classifié parmi les récepteurs ionotropiques glutamatergique, pourtant aucun ligand n’est capable d’induire l’ouverture de son canal. Nous avons identifié pour la première fois un mécanisme physiologique d’ouverture du canal de GluD2 en démontrant que l’activation de mGlu1 déclenche l’ouverture du canal de GluD2 pour une voie intracellulaire, aussi bien dans un système d’expression en culture que dans les tranches aigues de cervelet murin. Cela nous permettra d’étudier la contribution du courant médié à travers GluD2 dans la plasticité à long terme, avec des perspectives totalement nouvelles. L’expression de Pannexine 1 par les CPs se superpose aux stries Zebrine II- immunopositives du cervelet. Les CPs adultes constituent une population hétérogènes, les différents sous-types étant organisés sur le plan parasagittal. Nous avons montré que l’expression des protéines Pannexine 1 (Panx1) We have shown that Pannexin1 (Panx1) déssine un gradient rostrocaudal discontinu dans les lobules de tranches parasagittales. Sur les coupes coronales, leur distribution forme une série de bandes parasagittales. Les canaux Panx1 médient la libération d’ATP en réponse à divers stimuli et pourrais de cette façon contribuer à une activité neuronale orientée sur le plan parasagittal en réponse aux signaux des fibres parallèles. Caractérisation de l’activité GABAergique des CPs immatures dans les souris néonatales. Le cortex cérébelleux entre les jours postnataux P0 et P4 consistent principalement en une multicouche dense de CPs fortement interconnectées. A cet âge, les CPs sont remplies de GABA extrasynapstique qui est libéré dans le milieu extracellulaire par un mécanisme qui n’est pas clairement identifié. Nos recherches préliminaires sur la première semaine de développment postnatal, nous montrons que l’activation de récepteur au GABA de type A induit une réponse excitatrice chez les CPs. Avec notre préparation, cet effet est indépendant de la présence de corps cétoniques ou de lactate comme substrats énergétiques dans le milieu extracellulaire. (...) / The cerebellum is a little brain in the brain. It houses more than half the total number of neurons in the brain. Its crystalline structure is very well known but, still, its function remain unclear to date. Its mainly postnatal development in rodents allows the study of the physiology of activity-dependent neuronal wiring. It is also the place of many types of neuronal plasticity, making it an ideal model to study both developmental and adult synaptic plasticity. In this thesis, using mainly patch-clamp and extracellular recordings in cerebellar slices as well as immunohistochemistry in mice, I have studied three important actors of synaptic plasticity and development in the Purkinje cells, the principal neurons of the cerebellar cortex. We have established that the type 1metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu1) triggers the gating of GluD2, a receptor necessary for Purkinje cells (PCs) synapses development and synaptic plasticity. We have also shown that the Pannexins 1, some channels likely involved in neuronal synchronization that have been recently discovered but yet remain poorly characterized, are expressed by Zebrin II immmunopositive Purkinje cells in the classical Zebra stripes formed by microdomains of the cerebellum. Last, we have studied the physiology of the primitive cerebellar cortex in neonatal mice, establishing the first elements of the neuronal activity of this very particular developing cortex at a stage still very poorly characterized. The mGlu1-mediated gating of Glu2D receptors at Parallel Fiber to PC (PF-PC) synapse. GluD2 are classified among ionotropic glutamate receptors, but no ligand has proved capable of gating their channel. We have identified for the first time a physiological mechanism of gating GluD2 channels by demonstrating that the activation of mGlu1 triggers the opening of GluD2 channels through intracellular pathways, both in expression systems and in acute murine cerebellar slices. This will allow us to study the contribution of GluD2-mediated current in long-term plasticity in a totally new way. Expression of Pannexin1 by PCs matches with adult Zebrin II immunopositive cerebellar stripes. Adult PCs constitute an heterogeneous population, the different subtypes being parasagittaly organized. We have shown that Pannexin1 (Panx1) proteins expression by PCs, draw a rostrocaudal discontinuous gradient in lobules of parasagittal slices. In transverse slices, their distribution forms an array of parasagittal stripes. Panx1 channels mediate ATP release in response to various stimuli and may in this way contribute to parasagittally oriented response to PF inputs. Characterization of GABAergic activity of immature Purkinje cells of newborn mice. The cerebellar cortex during postnatal days P0 to P4 essentially consists in a dense multilayer and highly interconnected network of PCs. At this age, PCs are filled with extrasynaptic GABA which is released in the extracellular space by a mechanism that is not clear. In our preliminary investigation of first week postnatal development, we show that activation of GABA-A receptors leads to excitatory responses in PCs. In our preparation, this effect is independent of the presence of keton bodies or lactate as energetic substrates in the extracellular medium. The complete inhibition of spontaneous discharge of PCs by Panx1 channel blockers, suggests that they mediate ion fluxes or release of neuromediators, such as ATP or GABA.

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