Zinc is a metal involved in structure of many enzymes, in the growth and differentiation of plants. Wheat is one of the most consumed cereals. Some wheat cultivars can&amp / #8217 / t deal with zinc deficiency and this situation not only reduces grain yield but also weakens the resistance of cereals to diseases and impairs the nutritional quality of the grain. Some wheat cultivars are not affected by zinc deficiency. In this study, &amp / #8216 / differential display&amp / #8217 / , used for determination differentially expressed genes between two samples, was performed. The most zinc efficient bread wheat cultivar Kira&ccedil / -66 was grown in hydroponics medium and samples were taken at different time periods. RNA isolations were done and differential display technique was performed. After examining the results, differentially expressed bands were selected and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis were done in available databases which showed that three of the bands were fragments of putative zinc transporters. In this study we have found threee putative gene fragments using differential display technique on zinc efficient plants grown under differeing zinc concentrations. These fragments showed homology with zinc transporter, ABC transporter and ADH (Alcohol Dehydrogenase). It is known that all of these three genes are involved in zinc efficiency mechanism. Further studies will be conducted on these gene fragments.

Bibliography: leaves 153-156. / ix, 156 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis describes the experiments conducted to determine the mechanisms that cause the decline in shoot Zn concentration and the responses of the wheat plant to Zn deficiency and chlorosulfuron stress. Root tip extension is used as a measure of wheat root growth during exposure to the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron. Wheat plants differing in Zn efficiency are grown in HEDTA chelate-buffered nutrient solution in controlled conditions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1997

The influence of genetic variability on the response of the five rice varieties, Cica, Starbonett, Lemont, Bluebonett X IR 43, and IR43, to applied zince at 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg Zn ha^-1 under varying cellulose and water management conditions was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Typical zinc deficiency symptoms, varying in intensity among varieties, were nted, especially in the zero applied zinc treatments. Zinc deficiency symptoms were characterised by blanching at the base of the emerging leaves and rusty brown discolouration in the older leaves.

The influence of genetic variability on the response of the five rice varieties, Cica, Starbonett, Lemont, Bluebonett X IR 43, and IR43, to applied zince at 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg Zn ha^-1 under varying cellulose and water management conditions was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Typical zinc deficiency symptoms, varying in intensity among varieties, were nted, especially in the zero applied zinc treatments. Zinc deficiency symptoms were characterised by blanching at the base of the emerging leaves and rusty brown discolouration in the older leaves.

Introduction The last national micronutrient survey of Iran showed that, in spite of a national supplementation program, the prevalence of anaemia, and zinc deficiency were 37.8% and 20% among 15-23 months old infants, respectively. Data show that more than 60% of infants do not consume supplements regular. Moreover, the current supplementation program does not provide a zinc supplement. Home fortification has been promoted as an alternative approach, where families are able to add micronutrients to home-made food for infants. The majority of efficacy trials of multiple micronutrient containing ‘Sprinkles’ powder and crushable ‘Foodlets’ tablets have been conducted in areas where maize-based complementary food is common. The potential effects of home fortification supplement in Iran are uncertain as the staple food is different (wheat and rice vs. maize in other trials) and acceptability of the Sprinkles and Foodlets is unknown. This thesis aim to assess efficacy, adherence, and acceptability of Sprinkles and Foodlets as compared with current supplement (Drops) on micronutrient status (iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin D) and growth in Iranian infants aged 6-18 month. Methods A total of 405 infants were recruited from Hashtgerd, 80 km west of Tehran, Iran; 43 were excluded due to not meeting the inclusion criteria. The infants were randomly assigned to receive daily supplementation of Sprinkles (n=120), Foodlets (n=121) or Drops (n=121) for four months. Sprinkles and Foodlets contain iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D, folate, and multiple B vitamins similar except that levels of iron are higher in the Sprinkles group. Drops do not contain zinc, vitamin B12, or folate. The persons responsible for the laboratory test and data entry were blinded to randomization. Haemoglobin, serum ferritin, serum retinol, serum zinc, 25(OH)D concentration and anthropometric measures were assessed at baseline and four months. At each monthly phase of the follow-up, adherence to supplements and side-effects related to supplements were reported by mothers. Six focus group discussions assessed mother’s perceptions about the supplements. Within group change in means over 4 months intervention was examined by Student’s paired t-test. The within group changes in proportions were assessed using McNemar’s test. Change across the three treatment groups were compared using analysis of covariance. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethics committee of both the University of Queensland in Australia and the Ministry of Health in Iran. Results Of the total 362 infants included in the study, 313 (86%) had complete anthropometric and haemoglobin data, and 301 infants (83%) also had both initial and final serum samples. There were no significant differences between the three groups for baseline data. Baseline data showed approximately one fourth of anaemic children had iron deficiency anaemia and 38% of infants were zinc deficient. The children had a relatively good baseline status for vitamin A, vitamin D and growth. After four months intervention mean haemoglobin increased significantly in the three groups. Serum ferritin concentration increased in the Drops group (p<0.001) and Sprinkles group (p<0.05). A significant improvement was seen in zinc status for the Sprinkles and Foodlets but not the Drops group. Mean percentage of adherence to Sprinkles, Foodlets, and Drops (total amount of supplement used divided by total amount expected to be used) was (90.4±17.25), (80.7±25.01), and (88.5±16.85) respectively. Vomiting was higher in the Foodlets compared to other groups (p<0.001). Staining of the teeth was higher in Drops than the other groups (P<0.001). Most mothers in the Sprinkles group (97.3%) preferred this supplement over current supplement whereas 87.2% of mothers in the Foodlet group preferred Foodlets over the current supplement. In the focus group discussions, mothers stated that the new supplements were more acceptable and easier to use compared to current supplement. However, they had some issues about the new supplements; for example, lack of appropriate food to add the Sprinkles or Foodlets. Conclusion The combination of multivitamins plus iron and zinc when added to wheat or rice-based complementary foods improved iron and zinc status. Combining iron and zinc in Sprinkles and Foodlets did not show negative effects on iron or zinc status. No differences were seen in efficacy of the Sprinkles and Foodlets on outcomes except a little higher improvement of iron status in Sprinkles and a slight higher weight gain of infants in the Foodlets group. According to this efficacy trial and formative study, Sprinkles had a higher acceptability in the study population and there are factors to encourage its use (easy to use, tasteless, containing all required vitamins and minerals, shape, easy to transfer, and stimulates appetite). The trial identified trade-offs in combining multiple micronutrients into a single delivery mechanism, with no benefit from addition of vitamins A and D on nutritional status in this sample of infants. We might consider different acceptability to Sprinkles in some regions by different cultural practices but in summary Sprinkles is likely to be the best option as an alternative choice to the current supplementation (Drops).

Bibliography: leaves 153-156. / ix, 156 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis describes the experiments conducted to determine the mechanisms that cause the decline in shoot Zn concentration and the responses of the wheat plant to Zn deficiency and chlorosulfuron stress. Root tip extension is used as a measure of wheat root growth during exposure to the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron. Wheat plants differing in Zn efficiency are grown in HEDTA chelate-buffered nutrient solution in controlled conditions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1997

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 140). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-112). Also available on the World Wide Web.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-03-14T13:53:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by GUILHERME RIBEIRO ROMUALDO null (romualdo.gr15@gmail.com) on 2016-03-14T15:31:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Guilherme Romualdo.pdf: 4726394 bytes, checksum: 0a935fc856c31a6b6b43be1eebbe9465 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-15T12:30:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 romualdo_gr_me_bot.pdf: 4726394 bytes, checksum: 0a935fc856c31a6b6b43be1eebbe9465 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T12:30:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 romualdo_gr_me_bot.pdf: 4726394 bytes, checksum: 0a935fc856c31a6b6b43be1eebbe9465 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Zinc is required for a wide range of enzymes and transcription factors involved in DNA repair, antioxidant defense and cell proliferation. Inadequate zinc intake could impair these functions, predisposing to the development of human diseases. This study evaluated whether dietary zinc deficiency or supplementation alter early chemically-induced mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Balb/C mice received a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 50 mg/Kg) at postnatal day (PND) 15 as an initiating agent for hepatocarcinogenesis. At PND 28, animals were allocated into three groups (n=13/group) and were fed AIN-93G diet containing different concentrations of zinc: adequate zinc (35 mg/Kg diet), zinc deficiency (3 mg/Kg diet) or zinc supplementation (180 mg/Kg diet). Also, 2-acetylaminefluorene (2-AAF, 0.02%) was incorporated in all experimental diets as a promoting agent for hepatocarcinogenesis. Mice were euthanized at 12 or 24 weeks after introducing the experimental diets. Blood and liver samples were collected to perform Comet Assay. Other liver fragments were sampled for histopathological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical analyses, western blotting and antioxidant profiling. Zinc deficiency decreased Nrf2 expression and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and increased NFκB, p53 expression and the number of preneoplastic altered hepatocyte foci (AHF) per cm² at week 12. In addition, zinc deficiency decreased GSH levels and increased 2-AAF-induced genotoxicity (peripheral blood and liver), cell proliferation into AHF and AHF size at week 24. In contrast, zinc supplementation increased GSH levels and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activity and decreased 2-AAF-induced genotoxicity (blood) and β-catenin expression at week 12. Besides, zinc supplementation increased GSH levels and GPx, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity at week 24. The findings indicate that zinc deficiency promotes early chemically-induced mouse hepatocarcinogenesis while zinc supplementation enhances hepatic antioxidant defense. / O Zinco é um elemento essencial para uma grande diversidade de enzimas e fatores de transcrição envolvidos no reparo ao DNA, defesa antioxidante e proliferação celular. O consumo inadequado desse metal pode prejudicar tais funções e predispor ao desenvolvimento de doenças. Assim, o estudo avaliou se a deficiência ou suplementação de zinco alteram os estágios iniciais da hepatocarcinogênese. Para tanto, camundongos Balb/C receberam dose única intraperitoneal do carcinógeno dietilnitrosamina (50 mg/Kg) no 15º dia pós-natal (DPN), para iniciação da hepatocarcinogênese. Ao 28º DPN, os animais foram randomicamente alocados em três grupos experimentais (n=13/grupo) recebendo dieta AIN-93G contendo níveis adequados (35 mg/Kg), deficiência (3 mg/Kg) ou suplementação (180 mg/Kg) de zinco, além do agente promotor acetilaminofluoreno (0.02% em todas as dietas). Os animais foram eutanasiados após 12 e 24 semanas após a introdução das dietas. Amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas antes da eutanásia para a avaliação de genotoxicidade pelo Teste do Cometa. Na necropsia, amostras de fígado foram retiradas para o Teste do Cometa, avaliação histopatológica e morfométrica análise imunoistoquímica, determinação do perfil antioxidante e western blot. Na 12ª semana, a deficiência de zinco reduziu a expressão de Nrf2 e os níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e aumentou a expressão de NFκB e p53 e número de lesões pré- neoplásicas por cm². Já na 24ª semana, a deficiência reduziu os níveis de GSH e aumentou a genotoxicidade induzida por 2-AAF (sangue e fígado), o tamanho e a proliferação celular das lesões pré-neoplásicas. Por outro lado, a suplementação aumentou os níveis de GSH e a atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e reduziu a expressão de β-catenina e genotoxicidade induzida por 2-AAF (sangue). Ademais, na 24ª semana, a suplementação aumentou os níveis de GSH e a atividade das enzimas GPx, superóxido dismutase e catalase. Os resultados indicam que a deficiência de zinco promove a hepatocarcinogênese em seus estágios iniciais, enquanto a suplementação aumenta a defesa antioxidante hepática. / FAPESP: 2014/01795-0

Orientador: Luís Fernando Barbisan / Resumo: Zinc is required for a wide range of enzymes and transcription factors involved in DNA repair, antioxidant defense and cell proliferation. Inadequate zinc intake could impair these functions, predisposing to the development of human diseases. This study evaluated whether dietary zinc deficiency or supplementation alter early chemically-induced mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Balb/C mice received a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 50 mg/Kg) at postnatal day (PND) 15 as an initiating agent for hepatocarcinogenesis. At PND 28, animals were allocated into three groups (n=13/group) and were fed AIN-93G diet containing different concentrations of zinc: adequate zinc (35 mg/Kg diet), zinc deficiency (3 mg/Kg diet) or zinc supplementation (180 mg/Kg diet). Also, 2-acetylaminefluorene (2-AAF, 0.02%) was incorporated in all experimental diets as a promoting agent for hepatocarcinogenesis. Mice were euthanized at 12 or 24 weeks after introducing the experimental diets. Blood and liver samples were collected to perform Comet Assay. Other liver fragments were sampled for histopathological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical analyses, western blotting and antioxidant profiling. Zinc deficiency decreased Nrf2 expression and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and increased NFκB, p53 expression and the number of preneoplastic altered hepatocyte foci (AHF) per cm² at week 12. In addition, zinc deficiency decreased GSH levels and increased 2-AAF-induced genotoxicity (peripheral blood ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: O Zinco é um elemento essencial para uma grande diversidade de enzimas e fatores de transcrição envolvidos no reparo ao DNA, defesa antioxidante e proliferação celular. O consumo inadequado desse metal pode prejudicar tais funções e predispor ao desenvolvimento de doenças. Assim, o estudo avaliou se a deficiência ou suplementação de zinco alteram os estágios iniciais da hepatocarcinogênese. Para tanto, camundongos Balb/C receberam dose única intraperitoneal do carcinógeno dietilnitrosamina (50 mg/Kg) no 15º dia pós-natal (DPN), para iniciação da hepatocarcinogênese. Ao 28º DPN, os animais foram randomicamente alocados em três grupos experimentais (n=13/grupo) recebendo dieta AIN-93G contendo níveis adequados (35 mg/Kg), deficiência (3 mg/Kg) ou suplementação (180 mg/Kg) de zinco, além do agente promotor acetilaminofluoreno (0.02% em todas as dietas). Os animais foram eutanasiados após 12 e 24 semanas após a introdução das dietas. Amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas antes da eutanásia para a avaliação de genotoxicidade pelo Teste do Cometa. Na necropsia, amostras de fígado foram retiradas para o Teste do Cometa, avaliação histopatológica e morfométrica análise imunoistoquímica, determinação do perfil antioxidante e western blot. Na 12ª semana, a deficiência de zinco reduziu a expressão de Nrf2 e os níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e aumentou a expressão de NFκB e p53 e número de lesões pré- neoplásicas por cm². Já na 24ª semana, a deficiência reduziu os níveis de ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre