Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are the workhorses of biological molecular imaging. Important imaging modalities (such as polarization microscopy or FRET imaging) exploit anisotropic optical properties of fluorescent proteins. In this thesis, we present the results of our polarization microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments on FP crystals, as well as mathematical interpretation of these results, yielding information on the directionality of one- and two-photon absorption within the investigated fluorescent protein molecules. For the anisotropy of one-photon absorption, we determine the transition dipole moment (TDM) orientations in three representative fluorescent proteins. Validation with available quantum mechanical predictions values and an experimentally determined TDM orientation of the GFP gives confidence to the results obtained. For the two-photon absorption, we first test our hypothesis that two-photon absorptivity tensors of representative FPs exhibit vector-like behaviour and then examine the applicability of this simplification as a basis for the interpretation of our two-photon polarization microscopy data.

Title: Variations of actinide magnetism in uranium-base hydrides and other selected systems. Author: Anna Maria Adamska Department / Institute: Department of Condensed Matter Physics Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Doc. RNDr. Ladislav Havela, CSc., the Department of Condensed Matter Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic and Assoc. Prof. Dr. hab. Nhu-Tarnawska Hoa Kim Ngan, Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, Kraków, Poland. Abstract: Actinide magnetism was studied in three different types of systems. Variations of magnetic properties of UTGe hydrides as a function of hydrogen concentration prove that doping of U intermetallics by interstitial hydrogen leads to stronger magnetic properties, primarily caused by an increase of the inter-uranium separation. Sputter-deposited UFe2+x films, which are derived from the UFe2 Laves phase but have an amorphous structure, exhibit an increase of the Curie temperarture (to more than 400 K) with the Fe excess, which could not be achieved in the bulk. This is understood as a result of the prominent role of the 3d magnetism of Fe. Notoriously weakly magnetic plutonium was studied in the form of the alloy in the ζ-phase, which exists between 35 and 70 % U in Pu. Its susceptibility increases in a comparison to pure...

Research of conditions when sulphure dioxide is absorbed from flue gas, is the main objective of this master's thesis. Efficiency of this flue gas cleaning was measured on an experimental device, which consist of an absorption column filled with structured packing’s, and another component so-called "O-element". Further, a possibility of upgrade this "O-element" to tread more flue gas is presented.

This thesis studies the degradation of perovskite photovoltaic cells placed in atmospheres of different moisture. Samples with inverse structure: ITO/ PEDOT:PSS/ CH3NH3PbI3–XClX / PC70BM/ Ca/ Al were prepared. Electrical characteristics were measured for 2 months and similar degradation trend was observed for all the samples. Perovskite cell efficiency PCE decreased to 20 % of the initial value in t80= 46±3 days in laboratory, t80=23±1$ days in nitrogen atmosphere and t80=25,7±0,6 dní days in dry atmosphere. For the initial 27 days of the experiment, a faster degradation linked with the decrease of ISC, FF and VOC was observed. After this period, the value of FF has stabilised at 0,777±0,009 % and the value of VOC at 0,70±0,02 % of their original value (in the laboratory atmosphere). Additional fall of PCE resulted only from the decrease of ISC and was slower than in the initial period. From the results acquired, it has emerged that during the experiment, the cell encapsulation provided a sufficient barrier against outer moisture. Residual moisture present in the sctructure, was labeled as the source of the degradation. The moisture is believed to enter with the hygroscopic material PEDOT:PSS during the samples preparation procedure. During the degradation, absorption measurements of photovoltaic cells were executed. The absorption spectra didn't change. That indicates, that the decrease of ISC is not caused by the reduction of light absorption. The thesis also studied the degradation of perovskite solar cells under illumination. The samples were exposed to UV radiation for 55,5 hours. The PCE time of decrease to 20 % of the initial value was t80 = 6±2 days. It was revealed, that UV radiation significantly accelerates the decrease of ISC.

This diploma thesis deals with the determination of conditions for the preparation of elderberry extract so that the prepared extract retains as many biologically active substances as possible and the way of preserving this extract. Furthermore, the work deals with the transmittance of already specific phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic acid, coffee and ferulic skin, through the Franc diffusion cells. In the theoretical part of the thesis there is a taxonomic classification, description and use of elderberry. Furthermore, significant active substances, in particular phenolic acids, are mentioned. beneficial effects on the skin. The anatomy of the skin and the problem of the penetration of phenolic acids through the skin are described in detail. Finally, a description of high performance liquid chromatography is provided. The experimental part is devoted to verification of optimal conditions for preparation of extract. The best option is to extract the flowers with water at 100 ° C for 10 minutes in a ratio of 1 part by weight of dry flowers and 10 parts by volume boiling water. The ratio of flowers and stems to the phenolic acid content of the extract was also investigated. In the flower extract and its thickened version, the skin permeability was examined by transdermal absorption. The aim of this experiment was to find out if and how much the above mentioned phenolic acids go through the skin. As skin membrane, pork skin from the auricle was used. All determinations of the above phenolic acids in all samples were carried out by liquid chromatography.

The dissertation thesis deals with the application of absorption methods for the separation of gaseous pollutants from polluted gaseous mixtures using a pilot plant scrubber. The efficiency of the gaseous pollutant removal was determined based on the hydrodynamic distribution of fluids inside the spray chamber. A TF-28 150 spiral nozzle, which was used to spray the absorption liquid, was experimentally characterized. Specifically, the pressure impact pattern of the liquid produced by the nozzle was investigated using intrusive methods and the effective spray angles, the modes of primary and secondary atomization, the droplet size and liquid velocity distributions were determined using non-intrusive optical methods. Numerical simulations of flow of model gas phase inside the sprinkler head and spraying of the liquid through the spiral nozzle were also carried out. The obtained data can be applied to estimate the interface area and together with the determination of the coefficient of total mass transfer thus define the kinetics of chemisorption for a given absorbent/absorbate combination.

This diploma thesis is focused on study of electric and optoelectric properties of conjugated polymers. The theoretical part describes the relationship between molecular structure of conjugated materials and their chosen macroscopic physical properties like absorption of visible and ultraviolet radiation, electrical conductivity and photoconductivity. This part also describes photochromism and its utilization for construction of light driven current switch. The experimental part studies this switch based on change of photochromic species dipole moment dispersed in conjugated conducting polymer. The active switching unit is represented by photochromic spiropyran 1’,3’-dihydro-1’,3’,3’-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2’-(2H)-indol] which is dispersed in conjugated conducting polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylen]. The influence of the photochromic conversion on the polymer matrix was studied by absorption spectroscopy, current-voltage measurements and spectrally resolved steady state photoconductivity and transient photoconductivity.

In the general part of this diploma thesis are presented technical information collected on the issue of spontaneous decay of ozone in water solution and problems with analytical monitoring of these processes. Particular attention is paid to influence of pH value, bicarbonate and peroxide concentration on ozone decay kinetics. Experimental part is focused on the use of spectrophotometry in the study of chemical reactions associated with the spontaneous decay of ozone in distilled and tap water depending on pH and temperature after saturating of water by ozone prepared from air and pure oxygen. Direct photometry in UV range of spectrum (at 260 nm) was used to monitoring of ozone decomposition kinetics.

The Diploma thesis is focused on the separation of gaseous pollutants from contaminated mixtures of gases into liquids using absorbent device. The theoretical part is mainly concerned with describing the absorption process, the method expression and the factors influencing the rate of transfer of contaminants between phases. The experimental part deals with the dependence of transfer of carbon dioxide contained in an air mixture into an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide on the process conditions of separation in pilot scrubber.

The main aim of the thesis is a frequency stabilization of the DFB semiconductor laser diodes. The temperature stability of the laser diode chip, the stability and the noise of the injection current and the backward reflections are the crucial parameters which affects the frequency stability. These influences are described and the resolution is proposed. The theory of the external methods of the frequency stabilization and the comparison of these methods is presented. One method was choosed and this method was realized for 760 and 1540 nm wavelength laser diodes. In this method was used the frequency stabilization based on the linear absorption to the spectral lines of the gases. The diploma work is closed by the measured results of the frequency stability of the used laser diodes and by the comparison of level of stability achieved by the other methods.