This study investigates the macroeconomic consequences of firm-level accounting conservatism. Consistent with conditional conservatism extending to the aggregate level, I demonstrate that annual estimates of aggregate corporate profits and gross domestic product from 1929 to 2007 compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis are more sensitive to negative aggregate cash flow news than to positive aggregate cash flow news. Next, I estimate the dollar value impact of firm-level accounting conservatism on measurements of macroeconomic fundamentals. Finally, I show that the federal funds rate set by the U.S. Federal Reserve tends to be lower when the dollar value impact of firm-level accounting conservatism on gross domestic product measurements is larger. These results suggest that accounting can impact social welfare by altering the measurement attributes of key macroeconomic indicators and shaping monetary policy decisions which regulate the money supply and alter macroeconomic growth. / text

Recent studies document that covenant violations intensify the conflicts of interest between lenders and borrowers, and lead to greater restrictions on borrowing firms’ financing and investment activities (Chava and Roberts, 2008; Roberts and Sufi, 2009b). Motivated by this literature, I investigate whether accounting conservatism, specifically conditional conservatism, mitigates the adverse consequences of debt covenant violations. I argue that conservative reporting can potentially ameliorate the conflicts of interest between lenders and borrowers. Therefore, I predict that accounting conservatism reduces the adverse impact of covenant violations on borrowers’ financing and investing activities and exhibits a positive association with operating and stock market performance after covenant violations. I obtain a sample of 312 violating and 5,327 non-violating firm-quarters observations from U.S. non-financial public firms during the period of 1998 – 2007 to test my hypotheses. Using three measures of conditional conservatism and a composite measure of the three individual measures, I find that the degree of increase in borrowing firms’ conservative reporting between loan initiation and covenant violation is associated with smaller reductions in firms’ financing and investing activities in the post-violation period. Furthermore, my analyses provide some evidence that firms that increase conservative reporting exhibit better stock market performance, implying that conservative reporting is beneficial for shareholders after covenant violations. I find no evidence that increased accounting conservatism affects operating performance after covenant violations. My results continue to hold after controlling for pre-contracting unconditional and conditional conservatism. Overall, my dissertation provides evidence that conservative accounting practices followed by borrowing firms ease the adverse consequences of debt covenant violations. My dissertation contributes to the emerging literature on the effects of accounting quality on re-contracting outcomes after covenant violations.

Recent studies document that covenant violations intensify the conflicts of interest between lenders and borrowers, and lead to greater restrictions on borrowing firms’ financing and investment activities (Chava and Roberts, 2008; Roberts and Sufi, 2009b). Motivated by this literature, I investigate whether accounting conservatism, specifically conditional conservatism, mitigates the adverse consequences of debt covenant violations. I argue that conservative reporting can potentially ameliorate the conflicts of interest between lenders and borrowers. Therefore, I predict that accounting conservatism reduces the adverse impact of covenant violations on borrowers’ financing and investing activities and exhibits a positive association with operating and stock market performance after covenant violations. I obtain a sample of 312 violating and 5,327 non-violating firm-quarters observations from U.S. non-financial public firms during the period of 1998 – 2007 to test my hypotheses. Using three measures of conditional conservatism and a composite measure of the three individual measures, I find that the degree of increase in borrowing firms’ conservative reporting between loan initiation and covenant violation is associated with smaller reductions in firms’ financing and investing activities in the post-violation period. Furthermore, my analyses provide some evidence that firms that increase conservative reporting exhibit better stock market performance, implying that conservative reporting is beneficial for shareholders after covenant violations. I find no evidence that increased accounting conservatism affects operating performance after covenant violations. My results continue to hold after controlling for pre-contracting unconditional and conditional conservatism. Overall, my dissertation provides evidence that conservative accounting practices followed by borrowing firms ease the adverse consequences of debt covenant violations. My dissertation contributes to the emerging literature on the effects of accounting quality on re-contracting outcomes after covenant violations.

archives@tulane.edu / 1 / Ruizhong Zhang

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This paper uses the collapse of the junk bond market in the early 1990s as a natural experiment to examine the effect of asymmetric timely loss recognition (ATLR) on speculative-grade (SPG) firms' access to private debt markets and underinvestment. For a sample of 450 firm-years over the period 1988-1991, I find that SPG firms that recognize economic losses in a timelier fashion experience a smaller reduction in debt financing and investment from the pre- to post-collapse period relative to SPG firms that recognize economic losses in a less timely fashion. I also document that the effect of ATLR on debt financing and investment is more pronounced for SPG firms that lack collateral and are not followed by sell-side equity analysts. These findings support the notion that ATLR improves a firm's ability to access private debt markets, thereby attenuating underinvestment. They also suggest that both collateral and sell-side equity analysts serve as substitutes for ATLR to facilitate SPG firms' access to private debt markets. Further analyses reveal that ATLR increases for SPG firms from the pre- to post-collapse period and this increase is more pronounced for SPG firms with net issuance of debt. This evidence suggests that firms adjust ATLR to obtain debt financing in response to private lenders' demand for it.

This paper examines the relationship between the accounting conservatism construct and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. Prior research has explored the link between accounting quality and bankruptcy prediction, but it has not examined the relationship between accounting conservatism and bankruptcy prediction. This study hypothesizes that the inclusion of conservatism metrics in the bankruptcy hazard model estimation process should have an incremental effect on the predictive ability of bankruptcy hazard models. This paper finds that the inclusion of conservatism metrics does enhance the predictive power of bankruptcy hazard models for certain subgroups of a population partitioned on the basis of accounting conservatism metrics.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar se houve aumento de conservadorismo na contabilidade brasileira após a publicação das Leis 11.638/2007 e 11.941/2009.A investigaçãojustifica-se pela importância da análise do nível de conservadorismo e do processo de convergência da contabilidade brasileira. Foram coletados os ajustes de patrimônio líquido e lucro líquido nas demonstrações contábeis dos anos de 2008 e 2009 e a partir deles utilizou-se a metodologia proposta por Gray (1980) para aferição do nível de conservadorismo. A pesquisa é empírica e a amostra foi composta pelas companhias que compuseram a primeira carteira teórica do IBRXem 2013, excluindo do rol as instituições financeiras. Após outras exclusões pertinentes, a amostra ficou constituída por 54 empresas para a primeira fase da transição (2008) e 70 para a segunda fase do processo (2010). A metodologia constituiu na utilização do teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon, do Teste da Mediana e de estatísticas descritivas. Com base nas métricas construídas e nos testes estatísticos aplicados, concluiu-se que não houve variação estatisticamente significativa no nível de conservadorismo contábil brasileiro com a adoção dos novos padrões contábeis.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar se houve aumento de conservadorismo na contabilidade brasileira após a publicação das Leis 11.638/2007 e 11.941/2009.A investigaçãojustifica-se pela importância da análise do nível de conservadorismo e do processo de convergência da contabilidade brasileira. Foram coletados os ajustes de patrimônio líquido e lucro líquido nas demonstrações contábeis dos anos de 2008 e 2009 e a partir deles utilizou-se a metodologia proposta por Gray (1980) para aferição do nível de conservadorismo. A pesquisa é empírica e a amostra foi composta pelas companhias que compuseram a primeira carteira teórica do IBRXem 2013, excluindo do rol as instituições financeiras. Após outras exclusões pertinentes, a amostra ficou constituída por 54 empresas para a primeira fase da transição (2008) e 70 para a segunda fase do processo (2010). A metodologia constituiu na utilização do teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon, do Teste da Mediana e de estatísticas descritivas. Com base nas métricas construídas e nos testes estatísticos aplicados, concluiu-se que não houve variação estatisticamente significativa no nível de conservadorismo contábil brasileiro com a adoção dos novos padrões contábeis.

This study analyzes the relation between accounting conservatism, future tax rate cuts and countries' level of book-tax conformity. Firms have an incentive to increase conservatism in financial reporting when a tax rate cut is imminent to shift taxable income into the lower taxed future. Using a panel of firms across 18 countries from 1995 to 2010 I find that conditional conservatism is positively and significantly associated with future tax rate cuts when book-tax conformity is high. This effect is particularly pronounced for firms that concentrate the majority of their operations in the country in which the tax rate is cut. In contrast, there is no significant relation between future tax rate cuts and unconditional conservatism. / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series