The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory awareness training on self-actualization in a personal growth group. The null hypothesis pertained to the differences in self-actualization between treatment and control groups as measured by the Inner Directedness Scale of the Personal Orientation Inventory.The subjects were undergraduate students from a Midwest university who volunteered to participate in a Personal Growth Group. Based on their time availability, a.m. or p.m., the sample of 116 subjects was randomly assigned to four treatment, four control, or two reserve groups, so as to maintain proportional samples of females and males. Because of attrition prior to the group experience, some reserve subjects were randomly assigned to some treatment and control groups so that the final sample was composed of 88 subjects (57 females and 31 males). Forty-four of these subjects experienced one of four treatment groups (10 or 12 subjects per group) and the other 44 subjects experienced one of four control groups (10 or 12 subjects per group).Both experimental and control groups were one and one-half hour long personal growth groups designed to develop human potential, increase awareness of self and others, and to increase skills in interpersonal relationships. The difference between the groups was that the treatment groups received instructions which stressed, emphasized, and sought to stimulate aspects of sensory awareness, while the control group instructions minimized sensory awareness experiences.Immediately following the group session, all subjects were administered the Personal Orientation Inventory. The instruments were scored and the differences between the average raw scores of the Inner Directedness Scale of the POI were subjected to a univariate analysis of variance, with the differences considered significant at the .05 level. Preliminary to testing the null hypothesis, all other main effects had been controlled and computed F value for effect due to interaction between groups and sex (F = .329, p< .568) was not significant.control groups as measured by the I Scale of the POI. Therefore, it is concluded that, using this one and one-half hour scripted personal growth group approach, the sensory awareness. training did riot produce a significant positive change in self-actualization as measured by the aforementionedThe computed F value for the group effect (F = 1.273, p < .263) was not significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis—There will be no significant difference between the experimental and control group subjects’ average raw scores on the Inner Directedness Scale of the Personal Orientation Inventory, controlling for any effects due to fascilitator, time, and sex—was not rejected.Analysis of the data indicated that there was no significant difference in self-actualization between the experimental and control groups as measured by the I Scale of the POI. Therefore, it is concluded that, using this one and one-half hour scripted personal growth group approach, the sensory awareness training did not produce a significant positive change in self-actualization as measured by the aforementioned instrument scale. Use of the pre-structured script disallowed flexibility of sensory awareness training activities. The group members had to "flow" with the script, rather than the script "flow" to meet the needs of the group.Data was also collected through subjects completing a questionnaire concerning their reactions to the group experience. These secondary data were descriptive in nature and were not treated statistically. An analysis of these data indicated that both experimental and control group subjects valued the growth group experience and expanded their human potentials, especially in the areas of self and other awareness. Finally, these data indicated there may have been a lack of process difference between the experimental and control groups. Specifically, some aspects of sensory awareness training might have been reduced further in the control groups.

There are rare studies referred to how to set goal more effectively in systemic view. The purpose of this article will articulate how to set a goal in order to strive for the level of life. 2nd, it will show us what a healthy person is and how to be. 3rd, trying to use the method of systems thinking to improve the quality of goal setting and to make good decisions. The upper level of goal is mentioned about what we live for. In this article we will explore what dose life mean and the specific norms of value system from the perspective of philosophy, especially in the moral choices of self-actualized person and the tests of energy level by Kinesiology. Finally, there are three conclusions by using the systems archetypes as a carrier: 1.Hold on the life goal: always allocate a certain ratio of resources to life goal to avoid being eroded by other objectives. 2.Take value system into consideration: goal setting should be guided by value system, and also take other¡¦s goal into account. 3.Choose the fundamental solution: adopt transformational learning as the fundamental solution to assist in goal setting in order to strive for the level of life of human being.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-113). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-113). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 451-462).

Thesis (M.F.A.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 90 p. Includes abstract.

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Research has indicated a relationship between reminiscence and self-actualization among older persons. Reminiscence, or reflection upon the past, provides an opportunity for survey, assessment, and re-integration of significant aspects of one's life. Thus, reminiscing facilitates movement toward self-actualization. Reflection upon the past has been associated with adaptation to loss and stress in old age. Entry into special settings for the elderly often involves adaptation to socially-imposed stress. During periods of environmental adjustment, reminiscing has been used by many older persons as an adaptive technique to promote self-actualization. The impact of one special setting, long-term care, upon reminiscence has been substantiated by research. A higher frequency of reminiscing has been evidenced in institutionalized residents as compared to elders within the community setting. Retrospection has also been associated with the anticipatory stage of the institutionalization process. Further research was needed, however, to determine the impact of other residential settings upon the relationship between reminiscence and self-actualization. The current study examined the influence of three different residential settings upon reminiscence and self-actualization among male and female elderly. Three constructs were used as dependent variables: reminiscence frequency, reminiscence affect, and self-actualization (major scales of time competent and inner-directed). The Reminiscence Questionnaire and the Personal Orientation Inventory, were used to measure these constructs. A simple randomized-subjects design was utilized. Ten males and ten females were randomly selected from each of three residential settings: a senior day center, a long-term care facility, and a senior retirement community. Age range was 70-85 years with a mean age of 76.5 years. All subjects were individually administered The Reminiscence Questionnaire and the Personal Orientation Inventory. The following four hypotheses were analyzed: (H1) Elderly males or females participating in a senior day center, living in a long-term care facility, or residing in a senior retirement community will show no significant difference in scores on frequency of reminiscence on The Reminiscence Questionnaire. (H2) Elderly males or females participating in a senior day center, living in a long-term care facility, or residing in a senior retirement community will show no significant difference in scores on affective quality of reminiscence on The Reminiscence Questionnaire. (H3) Elderly males or females participating in a senior day center, living in a long-term care facility, or residing in a senior retirement community will show no significant difference in scores on self-actualization on the Personal Orientation Inventory. (H4) There will be no significant interaction between gender and residential setting regarding frequency of reminiscence, affective quality of reminiscence, and scores on self-actualization. Neither reminiscence frequency nor reminiscence affect of respondents significantly differed between setting and gender. Significant results beyond the .05 level of confidence were obtained on both measures of self-actualization. Results indicated that residential setting was the source of the statistically significant difference with gender having no statistically significant independent effect. Residential setting and gender of respondents did not significantly interact regarding reminiscence frequency, reminiscence affect, and self-actualization. These data indicate that the residential setting of older persons influences both time competence and inner-directedness, factors of self-actualization.

Throughout history, two conceptions of happiness have been advocated. The hedonic ideal, which often predominates in modern Western societies, advocates enjoyment and avoidance of pain. The eudaimonic view argues that fulfillment comes from personal growth and excellence. This research was among the first empirical comparisons of eudaimonic and hedonic pursuits in terms of their actual relationships with happiness. / One study was conducted with a single questionnaire (117 participants) and a second used detailed experience-sampling (100 participants). In the majority of analyses, hedonic activity was linked with greater positive affect and lower negative affect than eudaimonic activity was, while eudaimonic activity was associated with greater meaning in life and higher personal expressiveness (i.e., authenticity, involvement, fulfillment, and feeling alive). These results suggest that positive and negative affect (more emotional and visceral) could be called hedonic well-being, while meaning and personal expressiveness (subtler, require thought, and involve feeling more integrated and right than good) might be called eudaimonic well-being. The findings also underline the limitations of assessing only hedonic happiness, as is usually done---it can lead to inaccurate conclusions about the benefits of eudaimonic pursuits. / The results also suggested a trade-off in time between the benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic activities. The links between hedonic activity and well-being were strongest during the activity but often weakened with time. In contrast, the links between eudaimonic activity and happiness were weakest during the activity but became stronger with repeated eudaimonic efforts. People with frequent eudaimonic interests were also happier during many activities, even hedonic ones, than those with few eudaimonic projects; such increased enjoyment was not experienced by people with frequent hedonic pursuits. These results are consistent with theories that hedonic activities produce immediate satisfaction but that it fades with time, whereas eudaimonic strivings are challenging but increase well-being in the long run. Eudaimonic activities may promote well-being by building personal capital, e.g., coping skills, improved life circumstances, and deeper appreciation of life experiences. / These findings suggest that the modern preoccupation with enjoyment and comfort is an incomplete ideal. People probably need significant eudaimonic pursuits to experience meaningful and lasting fulfillment.

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