The thesis is divided into two parts, the phylogeny of the Geothelphusa spp. from Taiwan and the adaptive strategy of Geothelphusa ancylophallu from the badland in the southwestern Taiwan. Through SEM studies, the male first gonopod (G1) microstructures of 22 species of Geothelphusa are compared. From the Numerical Analysis of 11 G1 measurements, it shows that Geothelphusa spp can be divided into the eastern and the western geographic groups in Taiwan. In addition, the main differences in G1 micro-morphology among Geothelphusa, including the rings of scales, the numbers of simple seta on the terminal segment, and the ratios of total length of G1 divided by the terminal segment length of G1. Twenty-seven species of Geothelphusa from type locality in Taiwan were compared via the sequences of mtDNA COI (658 bp). The results indicate that the ancestors of Geothelphusa landed onto the northwestern Taiwan about 3.74 mya. After that, Geothelphusa dispersed from northern Taiwan into the eastern and the western geographic groups, this result was consisted with the previous conclusion obtained by G1 SEM studies. The eastern geographic group was further dispersed to the northeast and evolved to the present-day Ilan Geothelphusa spp. Another subgroup distributed down south to the eastern mountains where are now Lishan area. The last subgroup reached more southern to the Hengtsuen peninsula, Lanyu, and Greenisland. The western geographic group was further dispersed down south and evolved to the present Geothelphusa olea and G. nanhsi which then evolved to G. caesia¡BG. wutai and G. tsayae. Another subgroup evolved to G. ancylophallus which then evolved to G. lili¡BG. shernshan¡BG. neipu and G. pingtung. The genetic structures of Geothelphusa in Kaoping River area were studied further via the sequences of mtDNA COI (658bp). The results indicate that G. tsayae have three main subgroups according to the river they live on (Nantsishan River, Laolong River, Eyeliou River). Among them, the Eyeliou-River subgroup has the sequences divergence of 1.2% to the G. wutai, with supporting rate of 73%-82%, indicating that they may belong to the same species. In addition, Laolong-River subgroup has the sequences divergence of 0.9% to the G. caesia group, with supporting rate of 60%, indicating that they may be the same species as well but more evidences are needed to clarify the situation. The adaptive strategy of the crabs Geothelphusa ancylophallu, distribute near the badland in the southwestern Taiwan, was studied. The strategies are as follows: 1) the breeding activity correlated to precipitation, mainly occurring in spring and summer, and the maximum in June. 2) The female crabs breed 32.5 offspring in average and the mean carapace width of the first stage crabs (C1) was 5.3mm. The C1 stayed with their mother for about 4 days. 3) G. ancylophallu finished building holes before the dry season and the holes could be used until the next wet season. The holes are used for drought-resistance and defending predators during the dry season and mating and breeding during the wet season. 4) G. ancylophallu could defense their holes. The residents spent 152.3 ¡Ó 110.1 seconds driving the invaders out of their holes and attacked them actively when near their holes. The residents¡¦ alert to sound from the ground. 5) Through the experiment of hole covering, 67.0% of the valid holes were used more than 4 months, with the longest of 13 months. The moving distance of G. ancylophallu at night was 146.8 ¡Ó 73.8 cm (n = 38). The G. ancylophallu are fidelity to their holes, especially in dry season.

Two peaks of eclosion dates, about 15 days apart, occur in the same batch of fertilized eggs in the marine midge, Pontomyia oceana. Two hypotheses, the variable adaptive peaks and the bet-hedging hypotheses, were proposed as the ultimate factor of the polymorphic phenomenon. They were tested by experiments controlling feeding amount and photoperiod, as well as selective breeding experiments. The offspring eclosing in the two peaks do not differ in fecundities, egg diameters, thorax and head lengths of males; this is not compatible with the variable adaptive peaks hypothesis. Both peaks exist under various feeding and photoperiods, although peak ratios differed in the former. The results in the first peak lineage did not support there is genetic component in peak ratio determination. The experiments in the second peak lineage had much lower success rates, although the results seemed to suggest a genetic component. The results in a more extreme selection experiment did not support that there is genetic component either. The present results are more compatible with the bet-hedging hypothesis. Wind velocity may be a factor hard to predict by the midges, and it may cause reproductive failure of them. Whereas high emergence synchronization, a prominent feature of the marine midge, may have advantages in many aspects, it also concentrates the risk of total reproductive failure. Spreading offspring to more than one suitable eclosion peak, the midge may have sacrificed short-term reproductive rate for long-term fitness.

This thesis deals with Canadian traveller problem (CTP), which can be defined as the shortest path problem in a stochastic environment. The overview of different CTP variants is presented in theoretical part of this thesis, as well as known solutions to these variants. In the next parts, the thesis focuses on the stochastic variation of CTP (SCTP). For this variant chosen solutions (strategies) are discussed more in depth. At the same time, the original strategies named UCTO and UCTP are presented. Further, the thesis deals with the description of a window application implemented in Java, which has been developed to validate and test the functionality of selected strategies. The final part contains experiments and comparison of selected strategies.

No description available.

Traffic congestion on urban road networks has been recognized as one of the most serious problems with which modern cities are confronted. It is generally anticipated that Dynamic Route Guidance Systems (DRGS) will play an important role in reducing urban traffic congestion and improving traffic flows and safety. One of the most critical issues in designing these systems is in the development of optimal routing strategies that would maximize the benefits to overall system as well as individual users. Infrastructure based DRGS have advantage of pursuing system optimal routing strategy, which is more essential under abnormal traffic conditions such as non-recurrent congestion and natural disaster. However user compliance could be a problem under such a strategy, particularly when some of equipped drivers are urged not to choose minimum travel time path for the sake of improving the total network travel time. On the other hand, In-vehicle based DRGS can utilize the user-specified route selection criteria to avoid "Braess Paradox" under normal traffic conditions. However, it may be of little use under abnormal traffic conditions and high DRGS market penetration. In conducting the comparative analysis between system optimal strategy and user equilibrium strategy, significant differences were found within the mid-range traffic demand. The maximum total travel time difference occurs when the level of traffic demand is half of the system capacity. At this point, system optimal route guidance strategy can save more than 11% of the total travel time of user equilibrium route guidance strategy. The research proposes an adaptive routing strategy as an efficient dynamic route guidance under non-recurrent traffic congestion. Computation results show that there is no need to implement system optimal routing strategy at the initial stage of the incident. However, it is critical to use system optimal routing strategy as freeway and arterial are getting congested and the queue delay in freeway increases. The adaptive routing strategy is evaluated using Traffic simulation model, INTEGRATION. According to simulation results using an ideal network, the travel time saving ratio is maximum when both arterial and freeway have normal traffic demand under incident. In case of a realistic network, the adaptive routing strategy also proved to save the total travel time between 3% to 10% over the traditional user equilibrium routing strategy. The reduction of total travel time increases as the incident duration increases. Consequently, it is concluded that the adaptive routing strategy for DRGS is more efficient than using user equilibrium routing strategy alone. / Ph. D.

La simulation numérique est couramment utilisée pour étudier le comportement d’un composant et optimiser sa conception. Pour autant, chaque calcul est souvent coûteux en termes de temps et l’optimisation nécessite de résoudre un grand nombre de fois le modèle numérique pour différentes configurations du composant. Une solution actuelle pour réduire le temps de calcul consiste à remplacer la simulation coûteuse par un métamodèle. Des stratégies sont ensuite mises en place pour réaliser l’optimisation du composant à partir du métamodèle. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, trois dispositifs représentatifs des applications pouvant être traitées au sein du CEA LETI sont identifiés. L’étude de ces cas permet d’établir deux problématiques à résoudre. La première concerne la métamodélisation multi-fidélité, qui consiste à construire un métamodèle à partir de deux simulations du même composant ayant une précision différente. Les simulations sont obtenues à partir de différentes approximations du phénomène physique et aboutissent à un modèle appelé haute-fidélité (précis et coûteux) et un modèle basse fidélité (grossier et rapide à évaluer). Le travail sur cette méthode pour le cas de la cellule photoacoustique a amené au développement d’un nouveau métamodèle multifidélité basé sur les fonctions à base radiale. La deuxième problématique concerne la prise en compte des incertitudes de fabrication dans la conception de dispositifs photoniques. L’optimisation des performances de composants en tenant compte des écarts observés entre la géométrie désirée et la géométrie obtenue en fabrication a nécessité le développement d’une méthode spécifique pour le cas du coupleur adiabatique. / Numerical simulation is widely employed in engineering to study the behavior of a device and optimize its design. Nevertheless, each computation is often time consuming and, during an optimization sequence, the simulation code is evaluated a large number of times. An interesting way to reduce the computational burden is to build a metamodel (or surrogate model) of the simulation code. Adaptive strategies are then set up for the optimization of the component using the metamodel prediction. In the context of this thesis, three representative devices are identified for applications that can be encountered within the CEA LETI optics and photonics department. The study of these cases resulted in two problems to be treated. The first one concerns multifidelity metamodeling, which consists of constructing a metamodel from two simulations of the same component that can be hierarchically ranked in accuracy. The simulations are obtained from different approximations of the physical phenomenon. The work on this method for the case of the photoacoustic cell has generated the development of a new multifidelity surrogate model based on radial basis function. The second problem relate to the consideration of manufacturing uncertainties in the design of photonic devices. Taking into account the differences observed between the desired geometry and the geometry obtained in manufacturing for the optimization of the component efficiency requires the development of a particular method for the case of the adiabatic coupler. The entire work of this thesis is capitalized in a software toolbox.