The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of eight anthropometric regression equations with hydrostatic weighing for predicting the percent body fat of adult males with Down Syndrome (DS). Body fat percentages were predicted for 18 adult males with DS. Skinfold, circumference, and bioelectric impedance analysis data were collected to determine how accurately the regression equations could predict the percent fat of these individuals when compared to hydrostatic weighing. Since hydrostatic weighing involves a number of complex procedures two pilot studies were conducted. Four subjects participated in the pilot studies. The first pilot was conducted to determine if a constant value of residual volume could be utilized during hydrostatic weighing, or if a measured value, determined by oxygen dilution, needed to be used. The second pilot was performed to determine if hydrostatic weighing at total lung capacity without head submersion could be substituted for the conventional method of hydrostatic weighing. Paired t-tests revealed no significant differences in either pilot study, t (3) = .274, p. < .05 and t (3) = .314, 11 < .05, respectively. Pearson product-moment correlations revealed r values of .99 for both pilot studies. Based on these results a constant residual volume value of 1.50 L and hydrostatic weighing at total lung capacity without head submersion were the procedures utilized in the main research study. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between the body fat data obtained from hydrostatic weighing and the regression equations, F (8, 136) = 16.05, < .05. Dunnett's post-hoc procedure revealed significant differences in five of the eight equations. Of the three equations that did not yield significantly different results, only the Kelly and Rimmer (1987), r = .89, SEE = 2.51, 12 <.05, can be recommended for use. Based on these results, it appears that a constant value of 1.50 L for residual volume and hydrostatic weighing at total lung capacity without head submersion can be utilized when predicting the percent body fat of adult males with DS. This will allow increased numbers of individuals with DS to be hydrostatically weighed. Also, the use of the Kelly and Rimmer (1987) equation will allow researchers and practitioners to utilize an easy, fast, accurate, and inexpensive method of predicting the percent body fat of adult males with DS. / Graduation date: 1992

This study examined the effects of maintaining exercise training throughout pregnancy upon metabolic and physical properties of parametrial fat cells and fetal growth in Wistar rats. Eight weeks prior to mating the animals (n=10) were trained to run for 2 hrs/day, 5 days/wk at 31 m/min up an 8 0 incline. Control animals (n=6) remained sedentary. All animals were mated and trained animals resumed running on the second day of gestation. There was no variation in body weight (p > 0.05) between the trained (T) and sedentary control (S) rats at mating but S weight was significantly greater (p < 0.05) at Day 19. The T mothers had significantly smaller fat cells (p < 0.05) than S but cell number did not differ (p > 0.05). The rate of glucose oxidation (1C-1) by cells from T animals was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the S in the presence of insulin, but much lower than oxidation rates of non-pregnant trained animals. In terms of the fetus, training reduced litter size (p < 0.05) and increased the incidence of fetal resorption. The results of this study indicate that the training adaptation of the adipocytes is largely lost during pregnancy but insulin responsiveness is maintained at a higher level than sedentary controls. This coupled with the apparent adverse effects of the training on the fetus suggests that exercise during pregnancy should be more closely investigated.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This study was done to examine the effects of detraining upon the metabolism of glucose by the rats. Thirty-nine female Wister rats were separated into three groups: trained, detrained, and sedentary. The training protocol consisted of swimming 6 hours/day for eight weeks. The detrained groups were then sacrificed at 7, 14, and 21 days after training. The parametrial fat pads were removed and digested into isolated cells. The cell volumes, cell concentrations, and glucose oxidation rates (radioactively labeled C-1 or C-6 glucose) were measured. The results showed that those adaptations in the fat cell brought about by exercise, i.e., 120% decreases adipocyte volume and increased glucose oxidation rates in both pentose phosphate (C-1) cycle and the glycolysis/citric acid cycles, return to the sedentary control levels by 14 days detraining.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly separated into one of three experimental groups: Run-Trained (RT), Swim-Trained (SW), or Control (CON). The runners were further separated into 2 groups: Good-runners (RT1), or Poor-runners (RT2) according to their performance on the treadmill. All of the trained groups were endurance trained at approximately 80% V02 max for two hours per day, five days per week in the appropriate mode of exercise. After nine weeks of equi-intensity training, the perimetrial fat pads were removed and the calls isolated. The adipocytes from the trained animals were significantly smaller in volume and diameter than the adipocytes from the controls. Adipocytes from all of the trained groups were significantly more sensitive to insulin than the CON group according to the definition by Kahn (60). The cells from the RT1 and SW groups were significantly more responsive to insulin than both the RT2 and CON groups. The adipocytes from the RT1 group were also significantly more responsive to insulin than the SW group. The differences in cell responsiveness to insulin were highly correlated to the average size of the cells studied. From the data presented in this study threeconclusions were drawn: 1) Both running and swimming at the reported intensity, duration, and frequency have a significant effect on the morphology and metabolism of the isolated adipocyte, 2) Adipocyte morphology, insulin sensitivity, and insulin responsiveness are dependent on the frequency, intensity, and duration of a given exercise training protocol, and 3) Each type of exercise training has its own drawbacks: with swimming, the rats may experience some hypoxia which may alter their metabolic fuel utilization, and during running not all of the animals may be capable or willing to complete the run.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not adipocytes harvested directly from fat pads or induced from bone marrow in lean and obese mice exhibit a sex-dependent rapid response to vitamin D metabolite 1á,25(OH)2D3 and if so to elucidate if it is via an ERp60 receptor mediated signaling pathway. The role of 1á,25(OH)2D3 and specifically the membrane effect will be examined in two genetically distinct mice to see if their cells have a differing sensitivity. The results indicate that there are differing responses in adipocytes that are induced from bone marrow versus differentiated fat pad adipocytes, and the function of 1á,25(OH)2D3 is sex-specific in some cases. Additionally, all the adipocytes tested demonstrated a rapid response to 1á,25(OH)2D3; mRNA for nVDR and ERp60 were found in all cells however the only functional protein found in the plasma membrane was ERp60 indicating that it may be necessary for the rapid response whereas nVDR is not required.

Differences in fatty acid distributions in adipose tissue and fatty acid synthetase levels in the liver were determined in Strain A/ST mice of different ages and diets. Since fatty acids have been found to be influential in many disease processes such as heart disease and cancer, which become more prevalent with increasing age, it is important to understand the processes of fat metabolism and changes that occur during the life-stage of senescence. Fatty acid distributions were determined by gas liquid chromatography and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activities by spectrophotometry.The data from FAS analyses indicated that the mice fed the highfat palmitic acid and low-fat corn oil diets were similar to previous research. The mice fed the stearic acid diets had FAS activity that was affected in a very different manner than other high-fat diets.The results of this study also indicated that aging does not significantly effect the distribution of fatty acids in the adipose tissue of experimental mice. Weight gain in the middle age mice appears to be the result of an increase in all types of fatty acids and not just increased storage of one or a few types. / Department of Biology

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides accurate measurements of percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (LBM), however no reference standards currently exist using DXA-derived data. This study’s purpose was to develop reference data sets for DXA-derived %BF and LBM, and to characterize the agreement of obesity classifications between BMI (≥30 kg/m2) and %BF (≥25% for men and ≥30% for women). 2,761 subjects were scanned from 2003-2013 using either the GE Medical Systems Lunar Prodigy or Lunar iDXA. Normative reference tables displaying mean values and select percentiles were created for %BF and LBM across defined age groups for both genders. Mean %BF and LBM closely reflected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey across age groups in both genders. Agreements between BMI and %BF were 97% when identified as obese and 33% when identified as non-obese. Future research should consider creating a national registry for DXA-derived measurements. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [102]-118).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2009. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. "May 2009" Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 15, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-113).