Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Education in the Department of Educational Planning and Administration, University of Zululand, 1991. / The main aim of this research is to identify some administrative challenges and related problems facing principals of Technical Colleges in KwaZulu. The major problem in KwaZulu Technical Education is the apparent lack of involvement of college principals in curriculum planning, research and administrative decision-making process. It appears that it is impossible in practice to carry out any proposals involving innovations within a technical college and also very difficult for principals to update knowledge or content to be in line with the demands of commerce and industry. The study was intended to reveal that certain challenges and problems in the technical college have a great effect on the quality of training. The lack of communication between principals of technical colleges and commerce and industry and also the lack of consultation between the Department of Education and Culture, KwaZulu and the business world has a negative effect on the training of employable students in KwaZulu. This problem is described in Chapter one. In order to understand the nature of the problem, it became necessary to sketch briefly the Historical Development of Technical Education for Africans in South Africa as a general background to the understanding of the problem confronting KwaZulu Technical Education. This is done in Chapter two. The conceptual framework regarding the administrative challenges and related problems facing technical education in KwaZulu is described in Chapter three. The research design and procedure are described in Chapter four. The interview and the questionnaire techniques were used in gathering data. Three areas were selected from which a sample of technical colleges would be used for purposes of interviewing principals. The three areas where urban, peri-urban and rural. The principals responses and analysis are presented in Chapter five. The summary of conclusions and recommendations are presented in Chapter six. Principal findings of the Investigation 1. The colleges emphasized mostly theory rather than skills to the (extent that most of the trained technicians are charged not to be suitable to the business and industry of today. 2. There was no or very limited co-operation between technical colleges and either business and industry community. The technical colleges are thus unable to project future needs of local industry with the result that many of their graduates are not yet employed. 3. There was high degree of concensus among the principals about staff-involvement in any attempt related to the research of the needs of community in KwaZulu. 4. Technical Education geared to meeting the needs of commerce and industry must be offered in all KwaZulu technical colleges. 5. There was also a high consensus among the principals about the appointment of Public Relations Officers in Technical Colleges of KwaZulu. 6. The principals of technical colleges must be given a chance to research the needs of commerce and industry and contribute to the curriculum development and construction on behalf of their technical colleges. 7. A curriculum Committee for all Technical Colleges in KwaZulu comprised of the representatives from commerce and industry, Department of Education (KwaZulu), and Principals and Heads of Departments from all technical colleges must be formed. This is essential for the continual revision of existing course content, whether the content is still in line with the demands of industry. Secondly, the committee will be responsible for curriculum research, planning and design for all technical colleges in KwaZulu. 8. Some new courses failed to attract the required number of students to make the course viable. The reason for failure is the fact that they were not sufficiently advertised and that the principals did not investigate whether there was a need for that course before introducing it. 9. It was agreed that an organized industry in Natal/KwaZulu be approached to consult with the RSA Association of Technical Colleges with the purpose of obtaining the necessary changes in the Nl, N2 and N3 Syllabuses which will make the latter more relevant to the various trades. 10. The Legislation governing apprentice training in KwaZulu be brought into line with that of the RSA and that the regulations pertaining thereto are applied both in the public and private sectors. 11. The practical training conducted at the technical colleges be brought into line with the competency based modular training schemes for the various trades instituted by the respective industry training boards in the RSA. 12. The development and provision of training courses for the workseekers in KwaZulu be either contingent on the avalability of appropriate job opportunities or be geared towards self employment. 13. Career education must be introduced into KwaZulu schools which ensures that the pupil leaves school with the training base required by industry.

Purpose . The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the perceptions of teachers concerning the desirability and effectiveness of selected alternatives to social promotion and grade retention, (b) the perceptions of elementary school principals toward selected alternatives to social promotion and grade retention, and (c) compare the differences and similarities of perceptions of teachers and elementary school principals toward selected alternatives to social promotion and grade retention. The rationale for this investigation was derived from empirical research demonstrating retention's negative impact on retained students. Procedure . The sample population in the study included 114 second and third grade teachers and 36 elementary school principals. The study determined and compared the effectiveness of alternatives to social promotion and grade retention as perceived by representative samples of second and third grade teachers and elementary school principals from Stockton Unified, Manteca Unified, Lincoln Unified and Lodi Unified School Districts of San Joaquin County, California. Data for the study were collected through mail survey, which contained 29 items. Participants in the study expressed their degrees of agreement or disagreement regarding each item by selecting the appropriate response on a four-point Likert-type scale. Data collected through the survey were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) on a personal computer. Means, standard deviations, and rankings were computed for each survey item. A series of independent sample t tests were performed to determine if any significant differences existed between teachers' and school administrators' perceptions with regard to selected alternatives to retention. Findings . Principals and teachers strongly endorsed parental involvement, early identification and timely intervention, providing high-quality curriculum and instruction, high-quality professional development for teachers, and recruiting and retaining highly qualified teachers as the best alternatives to social promotion and grade retention. Conclusions and recommendations . Schools need to identify at-risk children early and provide targeted intervention. Parental involvement in the education of their children is crucial. School Districts should also strive to hire, and retain well-trained teachers and equip every classroom with high-quality curriculum and rich learning environment.

The prevalence of the money laundering crime has prompted the introduction of customer due diligence (CDD) measures. CDD measures facilitate the prevention of money laundering and promote the introduction of certain detective skills. Several international institutions champion the introduction of the detective skills in general and the performing of CDD measures in particular. These institutions acknowledge the cumbersome (administrative and financial) effects of introducing the detective skills and the performing of CDD measures. However, these institutions concedes that the aforementioned burden can be alleviated or lessened if the institutions that are responsible for performing CDD measures, i.e. Accountable Institutions (AIs), can exchange and rely on third parties’ (CDD) data. The exchange and reliance on third parties’ data must however consider the divergent threats or risks that might be associated with the data or third parties. The view regarding the exchanging and relying on third parties’ data is shared by, amongst others, the FATF and the UK. However, South Africa appears to be lagging behind in this respect. In other words, the South African FICA and FICA Regulations omit to encapsulate express and lucid provisions permitting the exchanging and relying on third parties’ data for purposes of performing CDD measures. The aforementioned omission, it is argued, creates a legal vacuum in the South African scheme of anti-money laundering. In other words, the aforesaid vacuum lives the South African AIs in a state of doubt regarding the manner and extent of exchanging and relying on third parties’ data. However, the aforesaid vacuum, this study concedes, can be rectified by introduction provisions that are line with the draft Regulation 5A and 5B that are proposed in chapter seven of this study. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.

The prevalence of the money laundering crime has prompted the introduction of customer due diligence (CDD) measures. CDD measures facilitate the prevention of money laundering and promote the introduction of certain detective skills. Several international institutions champion the introduction of the detective skills in general and the performing of CDD measures in particular. These institutions acknowledge the cumbersome (administrative and financial) effects of introducing the detective skills and the performing of CDD measures. However, these institutions concedes that the aforementioned burden can be alleviated or lessened if the institutions that are responsible for performing CDD measures, i.e. Accountable Institutions (AIs), can exchange and rely on third parties’ (CDD) data. The exchange and reliance on third parties’ data must however consider the divergent threats or risks that might be associated with the data or third parties. The view regarding the exchanging and relying on third parties’ data is shared by, amongst others, the FATF and the UK. However, South Africa appears to be lagging behind in this respect. In other words, the South African FICA and FICA Regulations omit to encapsulate express and lucid provisions permitting the exchanging and relying on third parties’ data for purposes of performing CDD measures. The aforementioned omission, it is argued, creates a legal vacuum in the South African scheme of anti-money laundering. In other words, the aforesaid vacuum lives the South African AIs in a state of doubt regarding the manner and extent of exchanging and relying on third parties’ data. However, the aforesaid vacuum, this study concedes, can be rectified by introduction provisions that are line with the draft Regulation 5A and 5B that are proposed in chapter seven of this study. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.