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To explore the influence that variations in projective stimuli might have on the respondent's ability to identify with pictorial representations of hands derived from the Hand Test (Wagner, 1961, 1983), 61 young adults (M age = 23) and 60 older adults (M age = 73) were presented with four alternate versions of hand stimuli (young male, young female, old male, and old female) in addition to the original Hand Test. Results indicated main effects for age and gender of respondent, which were primarily consistent with previous Hand Test research. Main effects for gender and age of hand stimuli (p < .05) were also found. Significant interaction effects were revealed for age of respondent by age of hand stimuli and for age of respondent by gender of hand stimuli (p < .05). These interactions resulted in the elicitation of a variety of responses to a differentiated manner than a standard set of Hand Test stimuli. A gender of respondent by gender of hand stimuli interaction effect was also found (p &lt; .05), suggesting that gender alterations of the card may also be beneficial for increasing respondent identification for some individuals. Overall, the results of variations in Hand Test stimuli, as they interact with respondent personal characteristics, indicate the utility of alternate versions of the Hand Test. This is based on the assumption that the respondent will identify with the hand that best resembles his/her hands, resulting in the stimulus performing its projective function to a greater extent.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-130).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, MO, 2007. / Abstract. Includes annotated bibliographical references (leaves 205-211).

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Jack Mezirow. Dissertation Committee: Dwayne Huebner. Includes tables. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Description based on contents viewed July 8, 2009; title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-81).

M.A. / Young adults who are entering the world of work are facing increasing challenges, resulting in elevated levels of employment uncertainty and anxiety. Many of these challenges are due to the continuously changing work environment, which is buffeted by the socio-political and economic climate - both in and outside South Africa. Other challenges could be related to factors such as lack of confidence, decision making difficulties, dissatisfaction with career choice and difficulties with social networking. As a result of such challenges young adults may perceive career barriers that would have an impact on their career development. These challenges could be influenced by an individual’s personality traits. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the career barriers most perceived by young adults. The study also aimed to assess whether any relationship exists between personality traits and perceived career barriers. The sample consisted of 193 participants from two universities in South Africa. Each participant completed a biographical data questionnaire, the Basic Traits Inventory- Short Form and the Career Barriers Inventory-Revised. The three highest standardised mean scores for the perceived career barrier scales were Racial Discrimination (M = 4.90), Dissatisfaction with Career (M = 4.56) and Sex Discrimination (M = 4.49). Examination of the individual personality traits in relation to perceived career barriers was done through the use of Pearson’s product-moment correlations. Extroversion yielded statistically significant negative correlations with the following perceived career barriers: Decision–Making Difficulties (r = -0.241; p < 0.01) and Inadequate Preparation (r = -0.149; p < 0.05). Conscientiousness showed a statistically significant positive relationship with Sex Discrimination (r = 0.274; p < 0.01). The results also indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between Agreeableness and Job Market Constraints (r = 0.166; p < 0.05). This study has implications for career guidance counsellors in their endeavours to provide a comprehensive service to young adults who have difficulties overcoming perceived career barriers.

D.Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of participants' abused or nonabused status as it interacted with their age and gender in producing different patterns of Hand Test responses as a function of the age or gender of the card. Participants, 61 young adults (M age = 23) and 60 older adults (M age = 73), were presented with the original Hand Test cards, as well as four alternate versions (e.g., young male, young female, older male, and older female). Expected effects varying by age, gender, and abuse status were not found. Results indicated main effects for participant abuse status, which were largely consistent with previous Hand Test research. Significant interaction effects were also found for participant age by participant abuse status (p < .05), as well as participant age by participant gender by participant abuse status (p < .05). An interaction effect was also found for Hand Test version by participant abuse status (p < .05), Hand Test version by participant age by participant abuse status (p < .05), as well as Hand Test version by participant gender by participant abuse status (p < .05). These results suggest that the alternate forms of the cards may pull for certain responses among abused participants that would not have been identified otherwise via the standard version of the Hand Test, clinical interviews, or other projective and self-report measures of personality. Overall, the variations in Hand Test stimuli interact with participants' abuse status, and warrant the use of alternate versions of the Hand Test as a viable projective measure.

Antalet personer som får diagnosen epilepsi ökar för varje år. Med sjukdomen uppkommer problem som varje person ställs inför. För att vuxna personer med diagnosen epilepsi ska kunna hantera sina problem kan de ta hjälp av copingstrategier. Syftet med studien var att undersöka copingstrategier hos vuxna personer med diagnosen epilepsi. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där artikelsökning, granskning och urval genomfördes på ett strukturerat och systematiskt tillvägagångsätt. Resultatet grundades på åtta vetenskapliga artiklar. Efter analys av artiklarna framkom tre huvudkategorier: Inre copingstrategier, Yttre copingstrategier och Fördelning och användning av copingstrategier. Inre copingstrategier utmynnade i ytterligare två underkategorier: Kontroll över situationen och Kontroll över känslorna. Resultatet visar att de vanligaste copingstrategierna är anpassning, förnekelse och religion. Resultatet visar även på att liknande copingstrategier används i många olika länder och att skillnader går att finna kring olika användning av copingstrategier hos kvinnor respektive män. Ytterligare forskning kring copingstrategier behövs för att förståelsen kring olika copingstrategier i sin tur ska kunna utmynna i bättre omvårdnad för vuxna personer med diagnosen epilepsi. Detta genom att sjuksköterskan lättare ska kunna vägleda och förstå vuxna personer med diagnosen epilepsi. / The number of people who are diagnosed with epilepsy increases each year and what is more each person stricken by the disease also experiences different issues all related to the illness. To be able handle the problems generated from epilepsy they can use different coping strategies. The aim of this study was to examine coping strategies among adults diagnosed with epilepsy and it was made as a literary study where article search, examination and selection was done according to a structural and methodical approach. The result was based upon eight scholarly articles. After an analysis of the articles three main categories emerged: Internalized coping strategy, external coping strategy and allocation and use of coping strategies. Internalized coping strategy gave rise to two additional lower categories: situation-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. The result shows that the most common coping strategies are adaption, denial and religion. Furthermore it is also shown that similar strategies are used among many countries, whereas there is a difference between men and women. Additional research is needed within this field to increase the knowledge about coping strategies among people with epilepsy. The effect of this knowledge is that it will be easier for nurses to guide and understand people diagnosed with epilepsy.