This thesis is about extended affine Lie algebras and extended affine Weyl groups. In Chapter I, we provide the basic knowledge necessary for the study of extended affine Lie algebras and related objects. In Chapter II, we show that the well-known twisting phenomena which appears in the realization of the twisted affine Lie algebras can be extended to the class of extended affine Lie algebras, in the sense that some extended affine Lie algebras (in particular nonsimply laced extended affine Lie algebras) can be realized as fixed point subalgebras of some other extended affine Lie algebras (in particular simply laced extended affine Lie algebras) relative to some finite order automorphism. We show that extended affine Lie algebras of type A₁, B, C and BC can be realized as twisted subalgebras of types A_§¤(l ¡Ã 2) and D algebras. Also we show that extended affine Lie algebras of type BC can be realized as twisted subalgebras of type C algebras. In Chapter III, the last chapter, we study the Weyl groups of reduced extended affine root systems. We start by describing the extended affine Weyl group as a semidirect product of a finite Weyl group and a Heisenberg-like normal subgroup. This provides a unique expression for the Weyl group elements which in turn leads to a presentation of the Weyl group, called a presentation by conjugation. Using a new notion, called the index, which is an invariant of the extended affine root systems, we show that one of the important features of finite and affine root systems (related to Weyl group) holds for the class of extended affine root systems. We also show that extended affine Weyl groups (of index zero) are homomorphic images of some indefinite Weyl groups where the homomorphism and its kernel are given explicitly.

The purpose of this dissertation is to elaborate, with specific examples and calculations, on a new refinement of triangular factorization for the loop group of a simple, compact Lie group K, first appearing in Pickrell & Pittman-Polletta 2010. This new factorization allows us to write a smooth map from the unit circle into K (having a triangular factorization) as a triply infinite product of loops, each of which depends on a single complex parameter. These parameters give a set of coordinates on the loop group of K.The order of the factors in this refinement is determined by an infinite sequence of simple generators in the affine Weyl group associated to K, having certain properties. The major results of this dissertation are examples of such sequences for all the classical Weyl groups.We also produce a variation of this refinement which allows us to write smooth maps from the unit circle into the special unitary group of n by n matrices as products of 2n+1 infinite products. By analogy with the semisimple analog of our factorization, we suggest that this variation of the refinement has simpler combinatorics than that appearing in Pickrell & Pittman-Polletta 2010.

We consider the problem of testing whether r (>=2) samples are drawn from the same continuous distribution F(x). The test statistic we will study in some detail is defined as the maximum of the circular differences of the empirical distribution functions, a generalization of the classical 2-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to r (>=2) independent samples. For the case of equal sample sizes we derive the exact null distribution by counting lattice paths confined to stay in the scaled alcove $\mathcal{A}_r$ of the affine Weyl group $A_{r-1}$. This is done using a generalization of the classical reflection principle. By a standard diffusion scaling we derive also the asymptotic distribution of the test statistic in terms of a multivariate Dirichlet series. When the sample sizes are not equal the reflection principle no longer works, but we are able to establish a weak convergence result even in this case showing that by a proper rescaling a test statistic based on a linear transformation of the circular differences of the empirical distribution functions has the same asymptotic distribution as the test statistic in the case of equal sample sizes. / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics