Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), no sentido amplo, inclui espécies psicotrópicas e não psicotrópicas. Estudos moleculares recentes indicaram que, devido à presença e ausência de alcalóides alucinógenos, essas espécies correspondem a dois gêneros distintos, Psilocybe sensu strictu e Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectivamente. Ambos os gêneros incluem espécies saprofíticas, distribuídas em todo o mundo; compartilham uma série de caracteres morfológicos, como píleo convexo a campanulado, às vezes umbonado, de coloração creme a marrom, lamelas adnexas, sinuadas ou adnatas, marrons a vináceas, esporada marrom a vinácea, basidiósporos de parede lisa, marrons a amarelados, presença ou ausência de pleurocistídios e queilocistídios sempre presentes. Este estudo trata de uma revisão dos dois gêneros no sul do Brasil, objetivando incrementar o conhecimento de sua diversidade e distribuição, além de fornecer dados morfológicos, moleculares e químicos de algumas espécies estudadas, para uma melhor compreensão de sua sistemática. O estudo morfológico revelou a ocorrência de 22 táxons de Psilocybe s.l. para a Região Sul do Brasil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans e P. subaeruginascens representam novos registros para o continente americano; Psilocybe yungensis e P. hoogshagenii var. convexa são novos registros para o Brasil; Deconica musacearum e D. venezuelana são citados pela primeira vez para o Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila é registrado pela primeira vez para Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis e D. singeriana são novos registros para o Paraná; quatro novas combinações são propostas; Psilocybe araucariicola é proposta como nova espécie para a ciência. A análise de culturas de algumas espécies de Psilocybe s.l. revelou diferenças na forma das colônias, taxas de crescimento e algumas características micromorfológicas, como presença de cistídios e hifas diferenciadas. Na análise molecular, foram obtidas 19 novas sequencias (correspondendo a 15 diferentes espécies) da região ITS do rDNA. Os resultados revelam dois subgrupos em Deconica. Na avaliação química de algumas das espécies, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata e P. cubensis apresentaram resultado positivo para a presença de psilocibina e psilocina, enquanto todas as espécies de Deconica testadas apresentaram resultado negativo. / Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), in a broad sense, includes psychotropic and non-psychotropic species. Recent molecular studies indicated that, due to the presence and absence of hallucinogenic alkaloids, these species correspond to two distinct genera, Psilocybe sensu strictu and Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectively. Both genera include saprophytic species, worldwide distributed; they share a set of morphological features, such as convex to campanulate pileus, sometimes umbonate, brown to cream coloration, adnexed, sinuate or adnate lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown spore print, smooth walled basidiospores, brown to yellowish, presence or absence of pleurocystidia, and cheilocystidia always present. This study comprises a revision of the two genera in southern Brazil, aiming to increase the knowledge on their diversity and distribution, besides providing morphological, chemical and molecular data of some studied species, for better understanding their systematic. The morphological study revealed the occurrence of 22 taxa of Psilocybe s.l. from southern Brazil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans and P. subaeruginascens are first recorded from America; Psilocybe yungensis and P. hoogshagenii var. convexa represent first records from Brazil; Deconica musacearum and D. venezuelana are reported as new from Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila is first recorded from Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis and D. singeriana are first records from Paraná; four new combinations are proposed; Psilocybe araucariicola is proposed as new for science. The cultural study of some Psilocybe s.l. species revealed differences on colonies morphology, growth rates, and some micromorphological features, as presence of mycelial cystidia and hyphal modifications. In molecular analysis 19 new rDNA ITS sequences were obtained, corresponding to 15 species. The results revealed two subgroups in Deconica. In chemical evaluation of some species, P. caeruleoannulata and P. cubensis presented positive results for psilocybin and psilocin, while all Deconica species tested presented negative results.

Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), no sentido amplo, inclui espécies psicotrópicas e não psicotrópicas. Estudos moleculares recentes indicaram que, devido à presença e ausência de alcalóides alucinógenos, essas espécies correspondem a dois gêneros distintos, Psilocybe sensu strictu e Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectivamente. Ambos os gêneros incluem espécies saprofíticas, distribuídas em todo o mundo; compartilham uma série de caracteres morfológicos, como píleo convexo a campanulado, às vezes umbonado, de coloração creme a marrom, lamelas adnexas, sinuadas ou adnatas, marrons a vináceas, esporada marrom a vinácea, basidiósporos de parede lisa, marrons a amarelados, presença ou ausência de pleurocistídios e queilocistídios sempre presentes. Este estudo trata de uma revisão dos dois gêneros no sul do Brasil, objetivando incrementar o conhecimento de sua diversidade e distribuição, além de fornecer dados morfológicos, moleculares e químicos de algumas espécies estudadas, para uma melhor compreensão de sua sistemática. O estudo morfológico revelou a ocorrência de 22 táxons de Psilocybe s.l. para a Região Sul do Brasil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans e P. subaeruginascens representam novos registros para o continente americano; Psilocybe yungensis e P. hoogshagenii var. convexa são novos registros para o Brasil; Deconica musacearum e D. venezuelana são citados pela primeira vez para o Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila é registrado pela primeira vez para Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis e D. singeriana são novos registros para o Paraná; quatro novas combinações são propostas; Psilocybe araucariicola é proposta como nova espécie para a ciência. A análise de culturas de algumas espécies de Psilocybe s.l. revelou diferenças na forma das colônias, taxas de crescimento e algumas características micromorfológicas, como presença de cistídios e hifas diferenciadas. Na análise molecular, foram obtidas 19 novas sequencias (correspondendo a 15 diferentes espécies) da região ITS do rDNA. Os resultados revelam dois subgrupos em Deconica. Na avaliação química de algumas das espécies, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata e P. cubensis apresentaram resultado positivo para a presença de psilocibina e psilocina, enquanto todas as espécies de Deconica testadas apresentaram resultado negativo. / Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), in a broad sense, includes psychotropic and non-psychotropic species. Recent molecular studies indicated that, due to the presence and absence of hallucinogenic alkaloids, these species correspond to two distinct genera, Psilocybe sensu strictu and Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectively. Both genera include saprophytic species, worldwide distributed; they share a set of morphological features, such as convex to campanulate pileus, sometimes umbonate, brown to cream coloration, adnexed, sinuate or adnate lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown spore print, smooth walled basidiospores, brown to yellowish, presence or absence of pleurocystidia, and cheilocystidia always present. This study comprises a revision of the two genera in southern Brazil, aiming to increase the knowledge on their diversity and distribution, besides providing morphological, chemical and molecular data of some studied species, for better understanding their systematic. The morphological study revealed the occurrence of 22 taxa of Psilocybe s.l. from southern Brazil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans and P. subaeruginascens are first recorded from America; Psilocybe yungensis and P. hoogshagenii var. convexa represent first records from Brazil; Deconica musacearum and D. venezuelana are reported as new from Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila is first recorded from Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis and D. singeriana are first records from Paraná; four new combinations are proposed; Psilocybe araucariicola is proposed as new for science. The cultural study of some Psilocybe s.l. species revealed differences on colonies morphology, growth rates, and some micromorphological features, as presence of mycelial cystidia and hyphal modifications. In molecular analysis 19 new rDNA ITS sequences were obtained, corresponding to 15 species. The results revealed two subgroups in Deconica. In chemical evaluation of some species, P. caeruleoannulata and P. cubensis presented positive results for psilocybin and psilocin, while all Deconica species tested presented negative results.

Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), no sentido amplo, inclui espécies psicotrópicas e não psicotrópicas. Estudos moleculares recentes indicaram que, devido à presença e ausência de alcalóides alucinógenos, essas espécies correspondem a dois gêneros distintos, Psilocybe sensu strictu e Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectivamente. Ambos os gêneros incluem espécies saprofíticas, distribuídas em todo o mundo; compartilham uma série de caracteres morfológicos, como píleo convexo a campanulado, às vezes umbonado, de coloração creme a marrom, lamelas adnexas, sinuadas ou adnatas, marrons a vináceas, esporada marrom a vinácea, basidiósporos de parede lisa, marrons a amarelados, presença ou ausência de pleurocistídios e queilocistídios sempre presentes. Este estudo trata de uma revisão dos dois gêneros no sul do Brasil, objetivando incrementar o conhecimento de sua diversidade e distribuição, além de fornecer dados morfológicos, moleculares e químicos de algumas espécies estudadas, para uma melhor compreensão de sua sistemática. O estudo morfológico revelou a ocorrência de 22 táxons de Psilocybe s.l. para a Região Sul do Brasil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans e P. subaeruginascens representam novos registros para o continente americano; Psilocybe yungensis e P. hoogshagenii var. convexa são novos registros para o Brasil; Deconica musacearum e D. venezuelana são citados pela primeira vez para o Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila é registrado pela primeira vez para Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis e D. singeriana são novos registros para o Paraná; quatro novas combinações são propostas; Psilocybe araucariicola é proposta como nova espécie para a ciência. A análise de culturas de algumas espécies de Psilocybe s.l. revelou diferenças na forma das colônias, taxas de crescimento e algumas características micromorfológicas, como presença de cistídios e hifas diferenciadas. Na análise molecular, foram obtidas 19 novas sequencias (correspondendo a 15 diferentes espécies) da região ITS do rDNA. Os resultados revelam dois subgrupos em Deconica. Na avaliação química de algumas das espécies, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata e P. cubensis apresentaram resultado positivo para a presença de psilocibina e psilocina, enquanto todas as espécies de Deconica testadas apresentaram resultado negativo. / Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), in a broad sense, includes psychotropic and non-psychotropic species. Recent molecular studies indicated that, due to the presence and absence of hallucinogenic alkaloids, these species correspond to two distinct genera, Psilocybe sensu strictu and Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectively. Both genera include saprophytic species, worldwide distributed; they share a set of morphological features, such as convex to campanulate pileus, sometimes umbonate, brown to cream coloration, adnexed, sinuate or adnate lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown spore print, smooth walled basidiospores, brown to yellowish, presence or absence of pleurocystidia, and cheilocystidia always present. This study comprises a revision of the two genera in southern Brazil, aiming to increase the knowledge on their diversity and distribution, besides providing morphological, chemical and molecular data of some studied species, for better understanding their systematic. The morphological study revealed the occurrence of 22 taxa of Psilocybe s.l. from southern Brazil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans and P. subaeruginascens are first recorded from America; Psilocybe yungensis and P. hoogshagenii var. convexa represent first records from Brazil; Deconica musacearum and D. venezuelana are reported as new from Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila is first recorded from Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis and D. singeriana are first records from Paraná; four new combinations are proposed; Psilocybe araucariicola is proposed as new for science. The cultural study of some Psilocybe s.l. species revealed differences on colonies morphology, growth rates, and some micromorphological features, as presence of mycelial cystidia and hyphal modifications. In molecular analysis 19 new rDNA ITS sequences were obtained, corresponding to 15 species. The results revealed two subgroups in Deconica. In chemical evaluation of some species, P. caeruleoannulata and P. cubensis presented positive results for psilocybin and psilocin, while all Deconica species tested presented negative results.

Morphologically and anatomically the Russulales (Basidiomycetes) are a homogeneous group of higher fungi, which contains both ballistosporic and statismosporic, agaricoid and gasteroid taxa. Spore symmetry and ability to forcibly discharge spores are therefore fundamental systematic characteristics in the Russulales. Ballistosporic and statismosporic basidiosporogenesis however, has not been critically compared. Early and late basidiosporogenesis, spore-wall tegumentation, and differentiation of the hilar appendix were ultrastructurally characterized in species selected from eight genera of agaricoid and gasteroid Russulales including: Russula, Lactarius, Macowanites, Arcangeliella, Elasmomyces, Gymnomyces, Martellia, and Zelleromyces. Six spore-wall layers are present in developing spores in all genera. Two wall layers are associated with an evanescent pellicle and four wall layers are derived from the sterigma and young spore. The amyloid portion of the spore wall in the Russulales is an electron-translucent wall layer covered by an electron-dense surface layer. Ontogeny of spore-wall ornamentation is similar in all genera, however diversity in the degree of ornamentation and amyloidity results from differentiation and intermixing of the two outermost enduring wall layers. Establishment of early spore asymmetry in both ballistosporic- and statismosporic-heterotropic basidiospores is highly correlated with the presence of a hilar appendix body. Observation of a demarcated cytoplasmic region, reminiscent of the hilar appendix body, in asymmetric sterigmata of orthotropic Russulales suggests that basidiospore morphology and symmetry are variable features in the Russulales. Late spore development subsequent to nuclear migration is similar in orthotropic and heterotropic Russulales. Orthotropic basidiospores appear to be released from sterigmata upon breakdown of the sterigmata. Heterotropic basidiospores are released while sterigmata are intact. Plugging layers develop in both the sterigma and in the hilar appendix. The hilar appendix plugging material appears to be produced by a plug-forming body which originates in the spore, and possibly controls liquid droplet formation during ballistosporic discharge. Ballistosporic discharge appears to be a conservative phenomenon in most Basidiomycetes resulting from a prescribed sequence of biochemical and developmental processes. The use of ballistospory and statismospory in distinguishing families and genera must be re-evaluated in the Russulales. Recognition of the Lactariaceae and Russulaceae is discussed. / Ph. D.

Ma Yam Tak. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 280-299). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis Committee: --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.vi / Content --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Figures --- p.xxiv / Abbreviations --- p.xxvi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Definition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Formation of ROS --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Homolysis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Reaction with pre-formed odd-electron species --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Electron transfer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Metabolism and cellular functions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Sources of ROS in human --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Chemistry and Biochemistry of ROS --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Superoxide anion radical (O2、) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- Hydroxyl radical (HO) --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Lipid peroxidation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Antioxidants --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Mechanism of action --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Natural antioxidants --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Endogenous antioxidants --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Exogenous antioxidants --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Synthetic antioxidants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Oxidative stress --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Balance between ROS and antioxidants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Diseases associated with oxidative stress --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Beneficial effects of dietary antioxidants towards degenerative diseases --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- Principles of assay --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Evaluation of antioxidant activity --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- ABTS radical cation scavenging activity --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- DPPH radical scavenging capacity --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- p-carotene bleaching assay --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.1.4 --- Ferric reducing antioxidant power --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.5 --- Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Determination of phenolic content --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Folin-Ciocalteu method --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Enzymatic method --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Determination of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5 --- Effect of food processing on antioxidant activity --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Blanching --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Drying --- p.29 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Sun-drying or air-drying --- p.29 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Oven-drying --- p.30 / Chapter 1.5.2.3 --- Infrared-drying or microwave-drying --- p.33 / Chapter 1.5.2.4 --- Freeze-drying --- p.34 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Canning --- p.34 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- General thermal treatment --- p.36 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Freezing --- p.37 / Chapter 1.6 --- Mushroom antioxidants --- p.44 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Nutritional information --- p.44 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Antioxidant activity of edible mushrooms --- p.44 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Antioxidant components --- p.47 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method development --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and method --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Standard preparation --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of mushroom crude extracts --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Optimization of the assay on mushroom extracts and standards / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Volume ratio between various reagents and samples --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Reaction kinetics --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Comparison of response of phenolic standards to the enzymatic method and the Folin Ciocalteu (FC) method --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.1 --- Enzymatic method --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.2 --- FC method --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sample-to-reagent volume ratio --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Reaction kinetics --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Response of phenolic standards to the enzymatic method and FC method --- p.82 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- General trends --- p.82 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Mechanism in the response of phenolic standards to the enzymatic reaction --- p.84 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Mechanism in the response of phenolic standards towards the FC method --- p.86 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Response of interfering compounds to the enzymatic method and the FC method --- p.88 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Response of mushroom crude extracts to the enzymatic method and the FC method --- p.89 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Mushroom screening --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Agrocybe aegerita (Aa) --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Volvariella volvacea (Vv) --- p.93 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Lentinus edodes (Le) --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Agaricus bisporus (Ab) --- p.95 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Processing need of fresh mushrooms --- p.95 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Comparison of antioxidant activity of mushrooms --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Proximate analysis of the four fresh edible mushrooms --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Crude lipid --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Crude protein --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Ash content --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Total dietary fiber (TDF) content --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Moisture content --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Sample extraction --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Total phenolic content --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Evaluation of antioxidant activity --- p.104 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- ABTS radical cation scavenging activity --- p.104 / Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- DPPH radical scavenging capacity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.5.3 --- Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.5.4 --- β-carotene bleaching assay --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.5.5 --- Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity --- p.108 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Proximate analysis --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Total phenolic content --- p.112 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Antioxidant activities --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- ABTS radical cation scavenging activity --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- DPPH radical scavenging capacity --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- β-carotene bleaching assay --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.3.5 --- Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4 --- Correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content --- p.127 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.128 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Effect of thermal processing on mushroom antioxidants --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- General procedures of thermal processing on mushrooms --- p.131 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Canning --- p.136 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Drying --- p.136 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Previous studies on the effect of thermal processing on mushroom antioxidants --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Thermal processing --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Canning --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Drying --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.144 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Sample extraction --- p.145 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Evaluation of antioxidant activity --- p.145 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Total phenolic content --- p.146 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Measurement of Hydromethylfurfural (HMF) --- p.146 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- ABTS radical cation scavenging activity --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Canning --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.148 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.2 --- Effect of sterilization time --- p.149 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.3 --- Effect of addition of vitamin C --- p.149 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.151 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Drying --- p.151 / Chapter 4.3.1.2.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.152 / Chapter 4.3.1.2.2 --- Effect of drying time --- p.153 / Chapter 4.3.1.2.3 --- Effect of drying temperature --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.1.2.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.155 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Canning --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.165 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.2 --- Effect of sterilization time --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.3 --- Effect of addition of vitamin C --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3.2.1.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.168 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Drying --- p.169 / Chapter 4.3.2.2.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.170 / Chapter 4.3.2.2.2 --- Effect of drying time --- p.171 / Chapter 4.3.2.2.3 --- Effect of drying temperature --- p.172 / Chapter 4.3.2.2.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.173 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- β-carotene bleaching assay --- p.182 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Canning --- p.182 / Chapter 4.3.3.1.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.183 / Chapter 4.3.3.1.2 --- Effect of sterilization time --- p.183 / Chapter 4.3.3.1.3 --- Effect of addition of vitamin C --- p.184 / Chapter 4.3.3.1.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.184 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Drying --- p.185 / Chapter 4.3.3.2.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.186 / Chapter 4.3.3.2.2 --- Effect of drying time --- p.187 / Chapter 4.3.3.2.3 --- Effect of drying temperature --- p.188 / Chapter 4.3.3.2.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.189 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity --- p.198 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Canning --- p.198 / Chapter 4.3.4.1.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.198 / Chapter 4.3.4.1.2 --- Effect of sterilization time --- p.199 / Chapter 4.3.4.1.3 --- Effect of addition of vitamin C --- p.200 / Chapter 4.3.4.1.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.201 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Drying --- p.201 / Chapter 4.3.4.2.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.202 / Chapter 4.3.4.2.2 --- Effect of drying time --- p.203 / Chapter 4.3.4.2.3 --- Effect of drying temperature --- p.203 / Chapter 4.3.4.2.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.204 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Total phenolic content --- p.214 / Chapter 4.3.5.1 --- Canning --- p.214 / Chapter 4.3.5.1.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.215 / Chapter 4.3.5.1.2 --- Effect of sterilization time --- p.217 / Chapter 4.3.5.1.3 --- Effect of addition of vitamin C --- p.218 / Chapter 4.3.5.1.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.219 / Chapter 4.3.5.2 --- Drying --- p.223 / Chapter 4.3.5.2.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.223 / Chapter 4.3.5.2.2 --- Effect of drying time --- p.225 / Chapter 4.3.5.2.3 --- Effect of drying temperature --- p.226 / Chapter 4.3.5.2.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.227 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- The Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content --- p.237 / Chapter 4.3.6.1 --- Canning --- p.237 / Chapter 4.3.6.1.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.237 / Chapter 4.3.6.1.2 --- Effect of sterilization time --- p.238 / Chapter 4.3.6.1.3 --- Effect of addition of vitamin C --- p.238 / Chapter 4.3.6.1.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.239 / Chapter 4.3.6.2 --- Drying --- p.239 / Chapter 4.3.6.2.1 --- Effect of blanching --- p.239 / Chapter 4.3.6.2.2 --- Effect of drying time --- p.240 / Chapter 4.3.6.2.3 --- Effect of drying temperature --- p.241 / Chapter 4.3.6.2.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.242 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.249 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.257 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Reduction of antioxidant activities in mushrooms by heat treatment --- p.257 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effect of blanching --- p.259 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effect of sterilization time --- p.260 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Effect of drying time and temperature --- p.262 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Effect of addition of vitamin C --- p.263 / Chapter 4.5.6 --- Changes during storage --- p.265 / Chapter 4.5.7 --- Difference in canning and drying --- p.269 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusions --- p.275 / References --- p.280

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