This study focuses the effects of demographic characteristics, health status, income, work attitudes, and leisure activity involvements have on satisfaction in retirement and the retirement timing decision. The review of the literature revealed that no single variable alone is the predictor of retirement satisfaction and the timing of the retirement decision. Therefore, a conceptual model was developed to measure the two central research questions. The conceptual model is based on five categorical factors as the determinants of retirement satisfaction and timing. The five main factors in the model are: demographic characteristics, health status, income level, work attitudes and leisure activity involvement. Multi-item scales were developed from data on 231 retirees and 908 older workers. The two samples were currently and/or formerly employed with the same high technology, Fortune 500 firm. The adequate number of both males and females in the two samples provide the opportunity to do a comparative analysis between men and women. It was clear from the data analysis that the independent variables selected explained a low percentage of the variance in both retirement satisfaction and the timing of the retirement decision. The comparative analysis between men and women did suggest that the retirement experience for women is different from men. The findings suggest that the variables that contribute to the two outcomes lay outside the conceptual model. However, the findings suggest that satisfaction in retirement is partially determined by gender, health status, income, work attitudes and leisure activity involvement. The research findings indicate variables that contribute significantly to the timing of the retirement decision, but no one variable or combination of variables have strong predictive power. This implies that the independent variables found in the literature are not the key determinants of retirement satisfaction or retirement timing. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Family Medicine Department of Family Medicine University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017. / Background Research has shown that women who do not obtain adequate prenatal care significantly reduce their chances of a favourable pregnancy outcome. Despite antenatal care services being provided free of charge in South Africa, only 53.9% of women attend antenatal care before the gestational age of 20 weeks or less as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and National Department of Health (NDOH).The interventions aimed at reducing unfavourable pregnancy outcomes are most effective during prenatal care, it is crucial to identify factors that prevent pregnant mothers from presenting early. It is believed that the findings of this study will give us an insight into the rate of early ANC attendance and will also be useful to policymakers and facility managers, especially at the Primary Health Care (PHC) level, in optimising patient care and improving healthcare services. Aims and objectives Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1 To establish the gestational age at which pregnant women present to first antenatal visit in Maquassi Hills sub district. 2 To describe participants’ socio-demographic profile, health status and obstetrical characteristics 3 To explore knowledge and attitudes that affect timing of first presentation. 4 To determine any association between first ANC presentation and socio-demographic, obstetric factors, knowledge and attitudes towards ANC. 5 To determine predictors for first antenatal attendance. Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted in four publicly funded primary health facilities in the Maquassi Hills sub district, between August and October 2015. A total of 127 participants were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain information about their socio-economic characteristics, ANC and services rendered. Most of the information required for the study was obtained from the Maternity booklet. This included demographic data, obstetric history, medical history, and gestational age. Data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2014. A chi-square test was used to determine associations between time of the first presentation and each variable; and a multiple variable regression was used to determine predictors of early attendance. Results Most participants interviewed were: Tswana speaking (72.4%), with a mean age of 26.5 years (SD = 5.9), had a high school education (84.6%) and were mostly single (70.6%). This study showed that 68.9% of the respondents presented to their first antenatal booking within the recommended time of less than 20 weeks. The average period of presentation was 16.3 weeks (SD = 6.0). No statistically significant association was found between socio- demographic, obstetrical characteristics and the timing of the first antenatal visit. All the participants knew that the right time to book an appointment was before 20 weeks as the best perceived time for initiation of ANC. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the best perceived time between those who booked early (2 months [1.99 months (SD =1.145)]) compared with those who booked later (3 months [2.83months (SD = 1.595)]) (p = 0.006). The multivariate analysis showed that participants who perceived three months as the best time for booking were 1.5 times more likely to book later (OR= 1.589, 95% CI 1.227-2.059) compared with those who perceived that the best time was at two months. The most frequent reason given for booking early was to confirm pregnancy (64.0%) and (31.1%) initiated ANC because they were ill. Long waiting times and staff attitude were reported by participants (91.3%) and (5%) respectively as barriers to early ANC visit. Conclusion The findings of this study show that most participants booked antenatal care timely and all participants knew the right time to initiate ANC. However, there is incongruity between knowledge and practice for the 30% who presented late. This could be attributed to the long waiting time and staff attitude mentioned by some of the participants. There is a need therefore to address the demotivating factors such as long waiting time, and staff attitude in order to promote early ANC booking/attendance. / LG2018

Study objectives were to determine the effectiveness, reproducibility, and repeatability of dental evaluation for estimating cattle age. Cattle (n = 400) aged 1.5 to 20 yr were evaluated by 3 technicians for estimated age via dentition. A subset (n = 383) was aged again 4 wk later by the same observers. Age estimations were most accurate in YOUNG (< 5 yr old) cattle with at least 95.7% rate of accuracy within 2 yr across all observers and observation events. For MIDDLE (6 to 10 yr old) and OLD (> 10 yr old) cattle, these accuracies were 81.5 and 62.1%, respectively. Reproducibility proved high, with all observers consistently assigning age estimates within 1 yr of one another for more than 9 out of 10 YOUNG animals; all observers agreed on at least every 8 out of 10 estimations for all age groups within 3 yr. Repeatability was less consistent.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a critical analysis and evaluation of the Satyricon of Petronius, by placing it in its historical, literary, and artistic context. Neronian taste therefore becomes the unifying theme around which the chapters are organized. Chapter One immerses Petronius within the cultural pursuits of Nero's aula, while Chapter Two pursues the question of court literary taste. Chapter Three consists of a Campanian Commentary to the Cena Trimalchionis and thus explicates the Neronian arts of etiquette and leisure. The Appendix re-evaluates the strong evidence for a Neronian dating of the work and for the identification of the consular T. Petronius Niger as both author of the Satyricon and Nero's elegantiae arbiter. This dissertation reflects the position that the Satyricon is an example of literary nalyvLa, a non-serious court amusement, which takes as its central theme the "refer to document" motif so typical of ancient symposium literature and likewise appropriate to the emperor's own predilections. The work fits well within the tastes of Roman "refer to document", the unbroken line of aristocrats, who, from the period of the late Republic, left the Capitol to pursue pleasures both cultural and physical in the resort cities of campania. The thesis is advanced that Petronius came to prominence as Seneca faded from favour, and that the Satyricon replaced Seneca's worthier tragedies and treatises as a court entertainment. Evidence from the Epistulae Morales of Seneca, written after his retirement, indicates that the former tutor of Nero made plaintive criticisms against the low habits both of language and lifestyle in which the aula indulged under the influence of Tigellinus and Petronius. The nature of the Neronian literary Renaissance is surveyed with special emphasis upon the impact of Nero's personal taste upon letters. Neronian literature, regardless of the author or genre in question, strives to achieve the effect of pathos, nostalgie de la boue, theatrical exaggeration, and naturalism naive to the point of embarrassment. Petronius displays all of these characteristics as he narrates his tale of the graeculus, Encolpius, who, like the artist-emperor, finds himself trapped within the constraints of the Roman cultural climate. Petronius combines the genres of Roman Menippean satire and Greek prose fiction into a graphic melange of the foibles of his age. Chapter three comprises a social commentary to the Cena Trimalchionis in which the Cena is qescribed against the backdrop of its Campanian locale. The many homely details of his life, his house and its furnishings, which Trimalchio relates, are compared to the extant archaeological evidence for life at Pompeii, Herculaneum, Puteoli, and the other towns of the Phlegraean Fields. The commentary is intended for use in the classroom at the university level. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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No / Our ability to generate information and transport it about the planet on super highways of optical fibre is changing the way in which we communicate, work and live. There is not a single aspect of our lives that has gone untouched by the communication and computing revolution that is now upon us. As the pace of change gathers it will become clear that it will overshadow the impact of the printed word, industrial revolution, and physical transport. The next major wave of IT development must focus on the delivery of information and experience on demand, in the right form, at the right time, at the right price to fixed or mobile terminals anywhere. Ultimately, bandwidth, distance and time will no longer be significant cost elements as service and access become the dominant features of the changing demands of an information and experience focused society.

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