Thesis (M. Ec.) -- University of Adelaide, Department of Economics, 1980. / Typescript (photocopy).

Over the past 30 years, there has been a marked proliferation of the use of public–private partnerships (P3s) for the management of agricultural innovation systems. This is part of a larger worldwide trend of using P3s in the provision of public goods and services. Despite the large number of agricultural P3s in operation, a literature review demonstrated paucity of both case studies and of theory, meaning that the study of these emerging business models has not kept pace with practice. Over the last 30 years, only 38 peer-reviewed articles have been published. The objective of this dissertation is to advance the theory, analysis, and policy review of agricultural P3s. There are four independent investigations in this dissertation that advance the knowledge of agricultural P3s in seven specific ways. First, these investigations introduce two quantitative methodologies to empirically demonstrate the critical role P3s occupy in research and development (R&D) innovation networks and in the development, dissemination and commercialization of new technologies that enhance global food security. Second, this analysis suggests that the key variable influencing the formation of these organizations is people, rather than public policy or market incentives. Third, agricultural P3s require large up-front investments and they have extended gestation periods; therefore, they are dependent upon public support. Fourth, P3s are not a means of privatizing public functions; rather, they represent a new and emerging process of collaboration that transcends the public–private dichotomy. Fifth, agricultural P3s appear to operate in “orphan spaces,” sectors that, for a variety of reasons, are ignored by the public and private sectors. Sixth, there is evidence to suggest that many P3s require the services of P3 experts of which there is a shortage, particularly in the developing world. Seventh, each agricultural P3 is novel because each is the result of sector-specific challenges and has a structure that is dependent upon the types and number of partners and their objectives, limiting the ability to transfer explicit lessons from existing models to new P3s.

Les objectifs de développement de systèmes de culture durables imposent aux acteurs du développement rural une reconception de ces systèmes. Les méthodes de conception actuelles conduisent souvent les chercheurs à être seuls concepteurs alors que parallèlement l'appropriation des innovations dépend fortement de l'implication des autres acteurs. En réponse, des approches participatives sont de plus en plus fréquentes pour pallier à cette difficulté d'appropriation. La méthode développée dans cette thèse -nommée DISCS pour 're-Design and assessment of Innovative Sustainable Cropping Systems' - met en oeuvre un processus de reconception des systèmes de culture par une approche participative tout en développant des outils d'évaluation multicritère. La méthode DISCS s'inscrit dans la lignée de la méthodologie du prototypage mais se différencie par une démarche itérative à trois échelles d'étude (parcelle, exploitation et territoire) afin de s'assurer que les innovations répondent bien aux attentes des acteurs. A chaque étape du processus une évaluation est réalisée à l'aide d'un jeu d'indicateurs. DISCS a été testée sur le système de culture agrumicole en Guadeloupe dans un but de réduire l'utilisation des pesticides. Cinq prototypes de gestion de l'enherbement ont été conçus collectivement puis testés selon les principes d'une approche systémique. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les premières étapes de reconception du système agrumicole guadeloupéen basée sur la méthode DISCS. Notre travail nous permet de recommander des techniques de gestion de l'enherbement en jeunes vergers d'agrumes répondant aux contraintes actuelles de développement de systèmes de culture durable. / Re-designing sustainable cropping systems has become a major challenge for agricultural researchers and farmers. In most designing methods, researchers are the main, or sometimes the only designers. However, more and more attempts for involving different kinds of stakeholders in participatory approaches have been accounted for. The new method described in this thesis (DISCS for 're-Design and assessment of Innovative Sustainable Cropping Systems') implements a participatory re-designing process. Though founded on the common structure of prototyping methods, this five-step-method differs first by implementing three progress loops, at experimental field, farm then regional scale. Besides, an ongoing progress dynamic is set between research at the experimental station and crop management in farms, in order to ensure that innovative techniques actually match the farmers' expectations. Assessment at each step is performed using a scale-specific set of indicators. The DISCS method was tested on citrus production in Guadeloupe, to develop lower-pesticide sustainable cropping systems. Five weed management prototypes were collectively designed then tested at an experimental station based on the principles of a systematic approach. In this thesis, we present the first stages of citrus cropping system redesigning based on DISCS method. Our work enables us to recommend sustainable weed management techniques for young orchards that correspond to the current constraints facing orchards in Guadeloupe

Cette thèse étudie les dynamiques territoriales induites par le développement de la culture irriguée de la banane dessert, dans le sud du Sénégal, dans un contexte de systèmes de production profondément pluviaux et de marginalisation des grandes dynamiques de développement nationales. En tant que culture intensive et marchande, cette innovation agricole pose la question de son adoption, mais surtout de sa rentabilité économique face à l'enclavement et de ses interactions avec les dynamiques locales de développement. Pour répondre à cette question, la thèse s'est appuyée sur des enquêtes qualitatives auprès de divers acteurs de la filière banane (producteurs, commerçants, encadreurs, intermédiaires, etc.) et d'une lecture attentive des mutations en cours au sud du Sénégal. La thèse s'organise ainsi autour de trois parties. La première montre que c'est dans le caractère marginal des régions sud du Sénégal que réside les facteurs naturels et socio­économiques d'émergence de la culture irriguée de la banane. La seconde partie analyse le processus de son intégration dans les stratégies productives des paysans en insistant sur l'organisation de la production et les dynamiques de sa commercialisation. La troisième partie interroge les effets socio-économiques et géographiques de la dynamique de développement de l'innovation bananière dans le sud du Sénégal, en la replaçant au centre des recompositions socio-économiques et environnementales en cours aux niveaux local et régional. Cette thèse est ainsi une contribution à l'étude des «opérations de développement» en milieu rural africain et des possibilités de développement des régions marginalisées en Afrique de l'ouest. / This thesis examines dessert banana cropping development induced territorial dynamics in the southern Senegal region, characterized by highly rained-dependent production systems and by a marginalization of the major national development dynamics. As an intensive and market-oriented crop, this agricultural innovation raises the question of its adoption in rain-fed systems, and above all its economic profitability in an isolation context and its interactions with local development dynamics. To answer this question, this thesis was based on data obtained from qualitative surveys of various banana sector stakeholders (producers, traders, supervisors, intermediaries, etc.) and a careful analysis of the ongoing changes in southern Senegal. The thesis is thus articulated on three axes. The first axis shows that the natural and socioeconomic factors that led to the event of irrigated banana cropping stems from the marginal nature of the southern regions of Senegal. The second part analyzes its integration process into farmers' the productive strategies while emphasizing on produces' organizations, banana production practices and marketing dynamics. Finally, an analysis of the socio-economic and geographical effects of banana cropping innovation dynamic development in southern Senegal, substituting banana innovation at the center of the ongoing socio-economic and environmental reorganizations bath at the local and regional levels. This thesis is thus a contribution to the study of "development operations" in rural Africa and the development opportunities of marginalized areas in West Africa.

Les organisations interprofessionnelles (OIP), complètement nouvelles dans le cadre institutionnel agricole argentin, sont nées au sein d’un processus plus large de transformation du secteur où la technologie va tenir une place de plus en plus centrale. La vocation innovatrice manifestée par les OIP a suscité le besoin de comprendre leur rôle dans les processus d’innovation des filières.Cette thèse a fait apparaître, à partir de l’étude de trois cas (l’OIP de la filière du soja, l’OIP de la filière du tournesol et l’OIP de la filière du riz) que les OIP ont des rôles différenciés dans les processus d’innovation des filières. Nous avons pu montrer que les différences dans ces rôles sont liées à la fois aux formes d’insertion des filières argentines dans des chaines de valeur globales et aussi au type d’acteurs qui dominent les systèmes d’innovation de chaque filière. Le cadre théorique mobilisé combine des approches institutionnalistes des mécanismes de coordination des acteurs avec des approches de la géographie critique qui permettent de rendre compte des processus qui conditionnent le développement des filières agroalimentaires concernées. L’analyse empirique, basée sur la triangulation de sources d’information et de techniques d’analyse de données différentes, nous a permis de mettre en relation les différentes dimensions de la problématique et d’interpréter les rôles des OIP dans les processus d’innovation. / Interprofessional organizations (OIP), new actors in the Argentine’s agricultural institutional framework, were born in the context of a broader transformation of the sector where technology takes an increasingly central place. The innovative spirit manifested by the OIP raises questions about its role in the innovation process of the value chain. This thesis shows, from the study of three cases (the soybean chain OIP, the sunflower chain OIP and the rice chain OIP) that the OIP have differentiated roles in the innovation process. We have shown that differences in these roles are related to the forms of insertion of Argentine industries in global value chains and also the type of players that dominate the innovation systems of each chain. The framework combines institutionalist approaches to the coordination mechanisms of the actors in the innovation processes with a focus on critical geography, which can account for the processes that affect the development of agricultural chains. / Las organizaciones interprofesionales (OIP), actores completamente nuevos en el mapa institucional agrícola argentina, nacieron en el marco de un proceso más amplio de transformación del sector donde la tecnología ocupa un lugar cada vez más central. La vocación innovadora manifestada por las OIP lleva a interrogarse sobre su papel en el proceso de innovación de la cadena de valor. Esta tesis muestra, a partir del estudio de tres casos (OIP de la cadena de la soja, la cadena OIP girasol y las OIA del sector arrocero) que la OIP tienen roles diferenciados en el proceso de innovación y que las diferencias están vinculadas a las formas de inserción de las en las cadenas globales de valor y también el tipo de jugadores que dominan los sistemas de innovación de cada cadena. El marco teórico combina los enfoques institucionalistas de los mecanismos de coordinación de los actores en los procesos de innovación con el enfoque de la geografía crítica, que puede dar cuenta de los procesos que afectan al desarrollo de las cadenas agroalimentarios.El análisis empírico, basado en la triangulación de las fuentes de información y diferentes técnicas de análisis de datos, nos ha permitido relacionar las diferentes dimensiones del problema e interpretar los roles de las OIP en proceso la innovación.

台灣為了提昇總體的競爭力，將精緻農業訂為重要的經濟發展策略，期望由政府帶頭，創造下一波的產業契機。台灣的農業技術世界聞名，農民平均的栽種面積約一公頃，屬於小農制的國家，目前藉由成立區域性產銷班組織的方式來整合農戶，雖然可以降低成本及擴大產量，但並無法有效的解決產銷問題，因此導致農業的發展受到限制，產銷問題的發生在於產銷雙方缺乏企業化的整合者而導致資訊的不對稱，本研究希望能藉由對國內外蔬果類農產品產銷組織個案與國內農產品創新個案的分析，研擬台灣蔬果類農產品建立產銷商業創新營運模式的可行性及其策略。 本研究利用企業網絡關係 (S, Stakeholder Network)、關鍵資產 (P, Property Right)、活動能力 (A, Activity Capabilities)、市場結構 (M, Market Structure)，四個層面來分析國內現行蔬果類農產品的產銷體系個案，專業有機生產班、綜合經營班、集運中心，歸納出目前台灣農業發展的機會點與問題點，再與國外內產銷創新個案，包括：南加州果農合作社、紐西蘭奇異果營銷局、美國都樂公司、金三角蔬果運銷合作社、微熱山丘、佳美食品公司，進行個案綜合比較與分析，找出適合台灣蔬果類農產品的商業創新營運模式。 本研究發現：(1) 產銷組織之產權網絡關係會影響產銷市場的結構，透過產權的鏈結可以擴大農企業的競爭優勢；(2) 農企業的以整合者的定位有助於解決產銷雙方資訊不對稱的問題；(3) 農企業必需要行銷為導向來建構生產管理系統，能有效解決產銷問題；(4) 農企業必需以品牌與附加價值來增進企業獲利營運模式。 / In order to enhance Taiwan's overall competitiveness, let exquisite agricultural become an important economic development strategy. Hoping the government to take the lead, create the next wave of industry opportunities. Taiwan's agricultural technology is world known; farmers planted an average area of one hectare, considered small-scale farming system. Currently organized by the establishment of regional production and marketing approach to integrate farmers, although it could reduce costs and expand production, but not effectively solve production and marketing issues, therefore the development of agriculture is limited. Production and marketing issue occurs when both production and marketing were the lack of integration of enterprise which led to information uncoordinated. This study hopes by analyzing domestic and international produce production cases and marketing organization innovative. Develop Taiwanese produce production and marketing of agricultural products to establish the feasibility of commercial and business model innovation strategies. In this study, enterprise networking (S, Stakeholder Network), the key assets (P, Property Right), activity (A, Activity Capabilities), market structure (M, Market Structure), four dimension to the analyze domestic produce production and marketing system individual case, the professional organic production class, integrated management class, Cargo Center, summed up the current point of Taiwan's agricultural development opportunities and issues. within the production and marketing innovation with foreign cases, including: California Fruit Growers Exchange & Sunkist, Zespri International, Dole Company ,Goldern Triangle Company, Sunnyhill Incorporated, Chia Meei Food Group to conduct a comprehensive comparison and analysis of the cases, identify suitable business innovation business model for Taiwan's agricultural products.. The study found that: (1) network marketing organization of the property sales market will affect the relationship between the structure of the network can be extended through the property the competitive advantage of agricultural enterprises; (2) agricultural enterprises to integrate the positioning of both production and marketing to help solve the problem of information uncoordinated (3)agricultural enterprises must market build production-oriented management system, it can effectively solve the sales problem; (4) agricultural enterprises need to brand and value-added business model to enhance corporate profits.

Native potatoes are an important element of food security both as a direct food source and as a cash crop for peasant producers in the Andes of Peru. Production is basically for self-consumption and the shift to commercialization is a challenge. As a response, the Papa Andina Initiative (COGEPAN) was initiated to promote market innovation and pro-vide relative advantage to producers to respond to emerging markets. Research is limited on the integration, information and communication in relation to social relations. Old and new nonreciprocal relations and roles among stakeholders, consequences of customary practices, undermine the ability of female peasant producers. Any process requires an un-derstanding of culture, traditions and the gendered practices of agricultural production. As the research was premised on a feminist perspective, a sequential explanatory and mixed design was utilized for obtaining background and contextual data in a way that coupled collecting sex-disaggregated data with iterative planning activities readjusting the research to sharpen its focus on women. The situation of Andean peasant women within modern-day agricultural innovation systems is influenced by traditions and cus-tomary laws embedded in the specific lifeworlds of peasant communities. In COGEPAN, gender relations and roles are changing from the macro to the individual levels. Each change opens up new opportunities to shape innovation and benefit women. The partici-patory nature of market chains unfolds spaces for women to reveal leadership abilities. Gender relations and innovation have shifted in their own areas of interest or spheres. However, other gender issues are still embedded in peasant farming systems and the na-tive market chain. Results allow the researcher to recommend further policy analysis. The full range of women’s and men’s activities, resources, and benefits has to be reflected in the assessment of the innovation system and continuing activities. Gendered socio-economic factors affecting the adoption of proposed technological or institutional innova-tions need to be considered. Structural obstacles have to be addressed by implementing policies that facilitate peasant women’s advancement. The design and implementation of policy and legislation have to acknowledge that communities are not homogeneous and mechanisms have to be context-specific to achieve equitable representation of women and men. / Government of Ontario, IDRC/AUCC - LACREG, University of Guelph