Much controversy has surrounded recent American policy toward China. Books of various stripes--distortions, misrepresentations, emotional accounts, and purportedly scholarly studies--have dealt with the formulation of a China policy. Several of the objective studies have featured the role that politics played in reducing American freedom of action. The emphasis has been that, since American diplomatic strategy during the decade of the 1940's was a Democratic responsibility, Republican critics took political advantage of the China "tangle." As congressional criticism mounted, the framework within which the Truman Administration could evolve a policy was increasingly restricted. With the Communist victory in China and the subsequent Korean War, Democratic strategy had apparently backfired. The public became aroused, and policy makers have since had difficulty adjusting to realities.

Este trabalho está inserido no campo das políticas sociais e educacionais de nível superior e busca analisar a política de assistência estudantil e sua materialização (abrangência e efetividade) na Universidade Federal de Itajubá UNIFEI, antes e depois do Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil PNAES. Para tanto, delineia uma investigação em torno do programa de assistência estudantil da Universidade Federal de Itajubá em Minas Gerais, tomando-a enquanto campo de pesquisa. Acredita-se que essa política seja capaz de promover alguma redução da desigualdade social a partir da garantia da permanência do aluno no ensino superior público federal. Com vistas a respaldar esse estudo, buscou-se alicerçar a discussão inicialmente na historicidade do ensino superior e da universidade no Brasil, apresentando as resistências sofridas nesse processo, os incentivos, as ideologias que permearam alguns dos momentos até culminar nas políticas de incentivo de acesso e de permanência no ensino superior, prioritariamente aquelas verificadas entre as décadas de 1990 e 2010. A assistência estudantil também é discutida de forma conceitual, contrapondo-a ao conceito de assistência social, já que durante a pesquisa foi verificado alguns equívocos em relação a esses termos. Buscando apreender a assistência estudantil buscou-se entender o processo histórico pelo qual o Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil - PNAES veio a ser consolidado. Pôde-se constatar, por meio dessa pesquisa, que o PNAES é consequência de um longo processo de lutas dos movimentos sociais e estudantis. De forma a proceder a esse estudo buscou-se investigar o campo de pesquisa, lançando mão de levantamento de dados sobre a assistência estudantil, entrevistas junto aos gestores, aplicação de questionários junto aos alunos. Ratifica-se que todos os dados coletados implicaram em rico material que será apresentado no decorrer desse estudo. / This paper takes part in the field of the social and educational policies of high education, and seeks to analyze the student aid policy and its materialization (scope and effectiveness) at the Federal University of Itajubá UNIFEI, before and after the National Student Aid Program PNAES. To do so, an investigation surrounding the student aid program from the Federal University of Itajubá is outlined, used as the research field. It is believed that this policy is capable of promoting some reduction in social inequality from the guarantee of maintaining students in federal public higher education. In order to support this study, it was sought to base the discussion on the historicity of higher education and Brazilian universities. The resistance endured during this process, the incentives, and the ideologies that permeated at some moments until culminating in policies to encourage access and remain in the higher education system, primarily those recorded in the decades between 1990 and 2010, are presented within this study. Student aid is also discussed from a conceptual standpoint, comparing it to the social assistance concept, as during the research process misconceptions were found within these terms. In an attempt to grasp student aid, it was sought to understand the historical process for which the National Student Aid Program - PNAES came to be consolidated. It can be stated, through research, that PNAES is the result of a long process of student and social movements struggles. In order for this study to be conducted, it was sought to investigate the research field, using survey data on student aid, interviews with managers, and student questionnaires. All of the data collected implicated rich material that shall be presented throughout the present study.

New Zealand’s aid programme reflects many of the controversies surrounding foreign aid more generally. From issues relating to the influence of political considerations and the administration and evaluation of aid agencies, to the fragmentation of the global aid system and the volatility of aid, these issues compromise the efficacy of aid provided to developing countries. This paper analyses the evolution of New Zealand’s aid programme and critiques its current policy and administrative structure in the context of these current controversies, in order to highlight the ways in which New Zealand’s aid can be delivered more effectively. The paper concludes, among other things, that New Zealand’s change in focus to economic development, its close alignment of aid policy with foreign policy and the re-absorption of its semi-autonomous aid agency NZAID back into its Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade risks compromising the effectiveness of the aid that New Zealand provides.

New Zealand’s aid programme reflects many of the controversies surrounding foreign aid more generally. From issues relating to the influence of political considerations and the administration and evaluation of aid agencies, to the fragmentation of the global aid system and the volatility of aid, these issues compromise the efficacy of aid provided to developing countries. This paper analyses the evolution of New Zealand’s aid programme and critiques its current policy and administrative structure in the context of these current controversies, in order to highlight the ways in which New Zealand’s aid can be delivered more effectively. The paper concludes, among other things, that New Zealand’s change in focus to economic development, its close alignment of aid policy with foreign policy and the re-absorption of its semi-autonomous aid agency NZAID back into its Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade risks compromising the effectiveness of the aid that New Zealand provides.

Este trabalho está inserido no campo das políticas sociais e educacionais de nível superior e busca analisar a política de assistência estudantil e sua materialização (abrangência e efetividade) na Universidade Federal de Itajubá UNIFEI, antes e depois do Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil PNAES. Para tanto, delineia uma investigação em torno do programa de assistência estudantil da Universidade Federal de Itajubá em Minas Gerais, tomando-a enquanto campo de pesquisa. Acredita-se que essa política seja capaz de promover alguma redução da desigualdade social a partir da garantia da permanência do aluno no ensino superior público federal. Com vistas a respaldar esse estudo, buscou-se alicerçar a discussão inicialmente na historicidade do ensino superior e da universidade no Brasil, apresentando as resistências sofridas nesse processo, os incentivos, as ideologias que permearam alguns dos momentos até culminar nas políticas de incentivo de acesso e de permanência no ensino superior, prioritariamente aquelas verificadas entre as décadas de 1990 e 2010. A assistência estudantil também é discutida de forma conceitual, contrapondo-a ao conceito de assistência social, já que durante a pesquisa foi verificado alguns equívocos em relação a esses termos. Buscando apreender a assistência estudantil buscou-se entender o processo histórico pelo qual o Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil - PNAES veio a ser consolidado. Pôde-se constatar, por meio dessa pesquisa, que o PNAES é consequência de um longo processo de lutas dos movimentos sociais e estudantis. De forma a proceder a esse estudo buscou-se investigar o campo de pesquisa, lançando mão de levantamento de dados sobre a assistência estudantil, entrevistas junto aos gestores, aplicação de questionários junto aos alunos. Ratifica-se que todos os dados coletados implicaram em rico material que será apresentado no decorrer desse estudo. / This paper takes part in the field of the social and educational policies of high education, and seeks to analyze the student aid policy and its materialization (scope and effectiveness) at the Federal University of Itajubá UNIFEI, before and after the National Student Aid Program PNAES. To do so, an investigation surrounding the student aid program from the Federal University of Itajubá is outlined, used as the research field. It is believed that this policy is capable of promoting some reduction in social inequality from the guarantee of maintaining students in federal public higher education. In order to support this study, it was sought to base the discussion on the historicity of higher education and Brazilian universities. The resistance endured during this process, the incentives, and the ideologies that permeated at some moments until culminating in policies to encourage access and remain in the higher education system, primarily those recorded in the decades between 1990 and 2010, are presented within this study. Student aid is also discussed from a conceptual standpoint, comparing it to the social assistance concept, as during the research process misconceptions were found within these terms. In an attempt to grasp student aid, it was sought to understand the historical process for which the National Student Aid Program - PNAES came to be consolidated. It can be stated, through research, that PNAES is the result of a long process of student and social movements struggles. In order for this study to be conducted, it was sought to investigate the research field, using survey data on student aid, interviews with managers, and student questionnaires. All of the data collected implicated rich material that shall be presented throughout the present study.