In this thesis, I have sought to address these issues by developing a toolbox called “Quantitative Tract Integrity Profiles (Q-TIPs)” that: is purely MATLAB-based (making it compatible with most operating systems), has a flexible and user-friendly interface, and will be distributed as a standalone toolbox for the popular Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software package. This toolbox extracts the orientation of any ROI mask by calculating the medial axis using Voronoi and Delaunay algorithms, and then cross-sectional segments along the extracted medial axis are used to create profiles based on any quantitative white matter magnetic resonance imaging metric (e.g., diffusion tensor imaging, myelin water imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, etc.). As a result, this toolbox will enable future neuroimaging studies to more easily and flexibly quantify white matter imaging signals along individual tracts as a function of neural development, healthy aging, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative disease. / February 2017

Ce travail de thèse présente une étude sur la circulation océanique de surface s'écoulantle long des talus continentaux (aux abords de l’isobathe 200 m) de la mer Méditerranée centrale. L'objectif étaitde mieux renseigner le schéma de circulation de surface dans la région et les régimes de variabilité associés ens’appuyant essentiellement sur les observations altimétriques conventionnelles (AVISO/X-TRACK) le longdes traces satellite, disponibles sur la période 1993-2015. Cette étude est également basée sur une utilisationcombinée des données spatiales de SST, de mesures in-situ hydrographiques et de courantométrieconjointement avec l'altimétrie. L'analyse a d'abord permis de caractériser la variabilité saisonnière et deproposer un nouveau schéma de circulation de surface, y compris pour les saisons intermédiaires, incluant unenouvelle branche de courant Atlantique sur le plateau continental Tunisien. Le second point fort de ce travailréside aussi dans la caractérisation du transport de surface et des modes de variations inter-annuelles de l'eauAtlantique à partir de l'altimétrie côtière sur le long terme. L‘observabilité de la méso-échelle océanique de lazone d‘étude est enfin abordée à partir des mesures altimétriques haute résolution (AltiKa). Cela a permis dedétecter des structures physiques à plus fine échelle et d'affiner le détection des variations des courants les pluscôtiers. Au delà des aspects scientifiques, cette thèse a également permis des avancées méthodologiquesimportantes concernant l’utilisation combinée de différents jeux de données spatiaux et in-situ, aisémentapplicables pour les pays du Sud. / This work presents a study on surface ocean circulation flowing along the continentalslopes (near the 200 m isobath) of the central Mediterranean Sea. The aim was to better inform the surfacecirculation patterns in the region and the associated variability regimes based mainly on along-trackconventional altimetry (AVISO / X-TRACK) available over the period 1993-2015. This study is also based onthe combined use of spatial SST data, in-situ hydrographic and current measurements in conjunction withaltimetry. The analysis has first allowed to characterize the seasonal variability and to propose a new surfacecirculation pattern, including the intermediate seasons, and a new branch of Atlantic current on the Tunisiancontinental shelf. The second highlight of this work is the characterization of surface transport and inter-annualvariations of Atlantic water from coastal altimetry over the long term. The observability of the oceanic mesoscaleof the study area is finally addressed from high resolution altimetry measurements (AltiKa). This hasallowed to detect physical structures on a smaller scale and to refine the detection of variations in the mostcoastal currents. Beyond the scientific aspects, this thesis has also allowed important methodological advancesregarding the combined use of different spatial and in-situ data sets, easily applicable for the countries of theSouth.

This thesis describes the construction of a sea surface temperature (SST) dataset from Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) observations suitable for climate applications. The algorithms presented here are now used at ESA for reprocessing of historical ATSR data and will be the basis of the retrieval used on the forthcoming SLSTR instrument on ESA’s Sentinel-3 satellite. In order to ensure independence of ATSR SSTs from in situ measurements, the retrieval uses physics-based methods through the use of radiative transfer (RT) simulations. The RT simulations are based on the Reference ForwardModel line-by-line model linked to a new sea surface emissivity model which accounts for surface temperature, wind speed, viewing angle and salinity, and to a discrete ordinates scattering (DISORT) model to account for aerosol. An atmospheric profile dataset, based on full resolution ERA-40 numerical weather prediction (NWP) data, is defined and used as input to the RTmodel. Five atmospheric trace gases (N2O, CH4, HNO3, and CFC-11 and CFC-12) are identified as having temporal and geographical variability which have a significant (∼0.1K) impact on RT simulations. Several additional trace gases neglected in previous studies are included using fixed profiles contributing ∼0.04K to RT simulations. Comparison against ATSR-2 and AATSR observations indicates that RT model biases are reduced from 0.2–0.5K for previous studies to ∼0.1K. A new coefficient-based SST retrieval scheme is developed from the RT simulations. Coefficients are banded by total column water vapour (TCWV) from NWP analyses reducing simulated regional biases to <0.1K compared to ∼0.2K for global coefficients. An improved treatment of the instrument viewing geometry decreases simulated view-angle related biases from ∼0.1K to <0.005K for the day-time dual-view retrieval. To eliminate inter-algorithmbiases due to remaining RT model biases and uncertainty in the characterisation of the ATSR instruments the offset coefficient for each TCWV band is adjusted to match the results from a reference channel combination. As infrared radiometers are sensitive to the skin SST while in situ buoys measure SST at some depth below the surface an adjustment for the skin effect and diurnal stratification is included. The samemodel allows adjustment for the differing time of observation between ATSR-2 and AATSR to prevent the diurnal cycle being aliased into the final record. The RT simulations are harmonised between sensors using a double-difference technique eliminating discontinuities in the final SST record. Comparison against in situ drifting and tropical moored buoys shows the new SST dataset is of high quality. Systematic differences between ATSR retrieved SST and in situ drifters show zonal, regional, TCWV, and wind speed biases are less than 0.1K except for themost extreme cases (TCWV <5 kgm−2). The precision of ATSR retrieved SSTs is ∼0.15 K, lower than the precision ofmeasurement of the global ensemble of in situ drifting buoys. From 1995 onwards the ARC SSTs are stable with instability of less than 5mK year−1 to 95% confidence (demonstrated for tropical regions).

This thesis examines conflicting attitudes regarding artistic authenticity and differing approaches to connoisseurship vis-à-vis the field of Chinese art and its reception in Europe and North America. Although this thesis examines both Chinese and Western approaches to the copy and highlights different cultural methods, this is not a Chinese versus the West argument. This thesis displays how concepts are combined in the Western art field to reach differing conclusions about a painting's authenticity. Specifically, this thesis analyzes the art of Chinese painter Zhang Daqian (1899-1983) and the debate surrounding Along the Riverbank, a painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection attributed to 10th century Chinese painter Dong Yuan (c. 934-c. 962). Many believe this painting is one of Zhang's forgeries. The controversies surrounding Zhang's art and forgeries reveal diverging conceptions of art education and methods of determining authenticity and the complexities of evaluating Chinese art in non-Chinese academic contexts.

The kinematic evolution and along-strike variation in contractional deformation in overthrust belts are poorly understood, especially in three dimensions. The Sevier-age Cordilleran overthrust belt of southwestern Wyoming, with its abundance of subsurface data, provides an ideal laboratory to study how this deformation varies along the strike of the belt. We have performed a detailed structural interpretation of dual vergent thrusts based on a 3D seismic survey along the Wyoming salient of the Cordilleran overthrust belt (Big Piney-LaBarge field). The complex evolution of the thrust faults that parallel the overthrust belt is demonstrated by the switching of the direction of thrust fault vergence nearly 180° from east to west. The variation in thrust-fault geometry suggests additional complexities in bulk translation, internal strains, and rotations. The thrust zone is composed of two sub-zones, each with an opposing direction of fault vergence, located on the eastern toe of the Hogsback thrust in southwestern Wyoming. The northern west-vergent thrust is a wedge thrust and forms a triangle zone between its upper thrust plane and the lower detachment that has formed in a weak shale layer (the Cretaceous K-Marker bed). Thrusts to the south have a frontal ramp geometry and are consistent with the overall thrust orientation of the Cordilleran overthrust belt located immediately to the west. The two thrust sub-zones are small, relative to the main Hogsback thrust to the west, and adjacent to each other, being separated by a transfer zone measuring in the hundreds of meters along strike. The transfer zone is relatively undisturbed by the faults (at the scale of seismic resolution), but reflections are less coherent with some very small offsets. The thrusts are thin-skinned and located above a shallow-dipping single detachment (or décollement) that is shared by faults in both sub-zones. Lateral growth of the thrust faults link along strike to form an antithetic fault linkage. Structural restoration of thrust faults shows varied amounts of shortening along strike as well as greater shortening in stratigraphic layers of the west-vergent fault to the north. Results from a waveform classification and spectral decomposition attribute analysis support our interpretations of how the variations in the detachment may govern the structural development above it. The kinematic evolution of the dual-verging thrust faults is likely controlled by local pinning within the transfer zone between the thrust-fault sub-zones as well as by changes in the competence of the strata hosting the detachment and in the thickness of the thrust sheet. The analysis and interpretation of dual-vergent thrust structures in the Cordilleran overthrust belt serve as an analog to better understand complex fold, fault, and detachment relations in other thrust belts.

Il presente lavoro ha ad oggetto l’analisi del fenomeno giuridico della covendita, che, come noto, si è diffuso nella prassi negoziale italiana attraverso il recepimento di talune fattispecie negoziali nate e sviluppatesi negli ordinamenti anglosassoni. In particolare, l’attenzione viene rivolta alle cc.dd. clausole di drag along (o “trascinamento”), le quali si inseriscono nell’ambito delle pattuizioni negoziali che comportano un obbligo di covendita. Le ragioni della scelta di tale tema di ricerca risiedono nella diffusione di questo tipo di clausole nella disciplina dei rapporti societari. In effetti, la redazione di clausole che dispongono un obbligo di covendita rappresenta ormai una tecnica negoziale ampiamente diffusa nella pratica dei negozi acquisitivi di partecipazioni sociali. La clausola di drag along è normalmente inserita all’interno di patti parasociali stipulati laddove venga effettuata un’acquisizione da cui risulti una società partecipata da una pluralità di investitori. Tuttavia, con sempre maggior frequenza, e nell’ambito di una certa tendenza alla “migrazione dal parasociale al sociale” quale effetto della nuova disciplina dei patti parasociali introdotta dalla riforma del diritto societario, questo genere di clausole viene inserito direttamente negli statuti delle società di capitali. Il recepimento a livello statutario della clausola di trascinamento ha posto numerosi interrogativi in ordine alla relativa natura giuridica, validità ed efficacia. In particolare, gli aspetti che hanno costituito oggetto di maggiore attenzione da parte della dottrina e della giurisprudenza sono costituiti dalla collocazione sistematica della clausola statutaria di trascinamento e dalle relative condizioni di validità alla luce dei principi inderogabili dell’ordinamento societario. Un profilo che, invece, non è stato adeguatamente approfondito attiene alla natura “sociale” o “parasociale” di una siffatta clausola statutaria. Si tratta, peraltro, di un aspetto non secondario, atteso che, come cerca di dimostrare il presente lavoro, l’inserimento della clausola di trascinamento all’interno dello statuto sociale non sembrerebbe implicare di per sé il riconoscimento alla medesima di un valore “sociale” e, dunque, imporne automaticamente la valutazione della validità alla stregua del diritto societario. In questa prospettiva, il presente lavoro procede, innanzitutto, ad una ricognizione delle clausole che vengono generalmente ricondotte nel genus della covendita: e ciò, segnatamente, al fine di ricostruire i tratti tipologici delle clausole di drag along, così da distinguerle dalle altre tecniche negoziali ricomprese nell’istituto della covendita. In particolare, si cerca di individuare l’ambito di applicazione di una siffatta clausola e gli interessi economici che essa è in grado di soddisfare. L’indagine compiuta dimostra che la clausola di drag along è di regola estranea alla sfera dell’ordinamento sociale e abitualmente inserita in patti parasociali stipulati da soci di società a struttura chiusa che presentano un elevato grado di investimenti specifici, in ragione della sua inerenza a specifiche operazioni di acquisizione societaria, caratterizzate dal normale interesse dei soci paciscenti alla massimizzazione del valore delle proprie partecipazioni sociali e dal fisiologico disinteresse degli stessi a vincolare i soci presenti e futuri ad un determinato assetto negoziale. Successivamente, alla luce dei risultati raggiunti, obiettivo del lavoro è quello di dimostrare che la clausola statutaria di drag along può assumere carattere sociale o parasociale a seconda del caso concreto. In particolare, tale verifica, compiuta attraverso l’esame dei vari criteri di distinzione del sociale dal parasociale elaborati dalla dottrina e dalla giurisprudenza, porta a ritenere che, al fine di riconoscere un rilievo sociale alla clausola statutaria di drag along, sia necessario che la stessa – oltre ad essere formulata in modo impersonale – soddisfi un ulteriore requisito: e, cioè, sia idonea a rispondere ad interessi sociali, destinati a soddisfare un’esigenza dell’ente o, indistintamente, dei soci in astratto, e non miri, invece, a gestire unicamente specifici rapporti tra soci. Infine, vengono esaminate le conseguenze che derivano sul piano qualificatorio e disciplinare a seconda che la clausola statutaria di drag along assuma, nel caso concreto, carattere “sociale” o “parasociale”. In particolare, l’indagine cerca di dimostrare, da un lato, che, contrariamente a quanto solitamente si ritiene, il patto parasociale di trascinamento – così come la clausola statutaria di drag along di natura parasociale – non pare essere, a rigore, un patto che disciplina le condizioni di “circolazione” delle partecipazioni, ma un patto che regola le condizioni di “investimento” e di “disinvestimento” nella società, essendo normalmente volto a tutelare l’interesse di tutti i soci paciscenti alla massimizzazione del valore delle partecipazioni sociali; dall’altro lato, che la struttura funzionale della clausola statutaria di drag along di carattere sociale presenta delle analogie rispetto alla struttura funzionale degli istituti giuridici del riscatto azionario e dell’esclusione del socio di s.r.l., dovendosi pertanto ritenere valida nella misura in cui sia compatibile con il principio dell’equa valorizzazione della partecipazione obbligatoriamente dismessa che si ricava dagli artt. 2437 sexies e 2473 bis c.c. / The present work relates to the legal analysis of the phenomenon of co-sale, which, as noted, it is common practice in negotiating through the implementation of certain Italian case negotiating created and developed in the Anglo-Saxon legal systems. In particular, attention is paid to cc.dd. drag along clauses (or "drag"), which are part of the negotiating stipulations that imply an obligation of co-sale. The reasons for the choice of research topic that reside in the spread of such clauses in the discipline of corporate relationships. In fact, the wording of clauses that have an obligation to co-sale is now negotiating a technique widely used in the practice of shopping acquisitive of shareholdings. The drag along clause is normally included in shareholders' agreements concluded when an acquisition is made, which result in a company owned by several investors. However, with increasing frequency, and within a certain tendency to "migrate from the parasocial to social" as a result of the new discipline of shareholders' agreements introduced by the reform of company law, such clauses are inserted directly into the statutes of the company capital. The implementation of the statutory provision at the drag posed numerous questions as to its legal, valid and effective. In particular, the aspects that have been the subject of increased attention by the doctrine and jurisprudence are constituted by the systematic position of the statute and the drive conditions of its validity in the light of the overriding principles of corporate order. A profile, however, has not been adequately thorough regards the "social" or "parasocial" of such a statute. It is, however, an important aspect, since, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the inclusion of the clause in the bylaws do not drag would seem to imply the recognition of itself to the same value of a "social "and, therefore, automatically impose the same way as the evaluation of the validity of corporate law. In this perspective, this work proceeds, first, a survey of the clauses that are generally traced in the genus of the co-sale, and this, in particular, in order to reconstruct the typological features of the drag along clauses, so as to distinguish them from other negotiating techniques covered in the institution of co-sale. In particular, it seeks to identify the scope of such a clause and the economic interests that it is able to satisfy. The investigation carried out shows that the drag along clause is generally alien to the sphere of social order and usually included in shareholders' agreements concluded by shareholders of companies with a closed structure with a high degree of specific investments, because of its inherent specific corporate acquisitions, characterized by normal partners' interest in maximizing the value of their shareholdings and physiologically the same selflessness to bind the shareholders present and future negotiations to a specific structure. Later, in the light of the results achieved, goal of the work is to demonstrate that the statute can take to drag along social or agreement depending on the case. In particular, the verification process, accomplished through the examination of the various criteria of social distinction by the agreement drawn up by the doctrine and case law, leads to the belief that in order to recognize a social relevance to the statute of drag along, it is necessary that the same - as well as being formulated in an impersonal way - to fulfill an additional requirement: it is, is likely to respond to social interests, to meet a need or entity, without distinction of members in the abstract, and is not intended, however to handle only specific relationships between members. Finally, we examined the consequences on the level and discipline depending on whether the statute assumes drag along, in this case, "social" or " parasocial ". In particular, the survey seeks to demonstrate, firstly, that, contrary to what is usually considered the shareholders 'drag - as well as the statute of nature to drag along' agreement - does not seem to be, strictly speaking, a covenant governing the conditions of "circulation" of the investments, but a pact that regulates the conditions of "investment" and "disinvestment" in society, being generally aimed at protecting the interest of all shareholders to maximize the value of equity, on the other hand, the functional structure of the statute to drag along for social presents similarities with respect to the functional structure of legal institutions and the exclusion of equity of redemption partner srl, having to therefore be considered valid to the extent that both compatible with the principle of fair value of the investment which is made mandatory abandoned by the articles 2437 sexies e 2473 bis c.c.

Women feel more fear than men in public space and when using public transport. This is an inequality in our society which limits women’s mobility and access to public goods. This study aims to qualitatively explore how women experience their public transport trips from a perceived safety perspective in a study of Gullmarsplan. Which elements women focus on during the trips and what they perceive as unsafe was explored, as well as what behaviors and strategies women use to manage their fear of crime. This was explored by first collecting travel diaries using a whole journey approach and then by narrowing the study down to performing walk-alongs in the walking environment at Gullmarsplan. The study found that women focus mostly on the social environment and that their reflections on the physical environment usually are related to perceived indicators of social incivilities and risk of victimization. Gullmarsplan was generally perceived as quite safe during the day but during evenings and nights most women avoided certain places which usually were secluded, difficult to survey or were perceived to attract dangerous others. Defensive adaptation strategies, mainly avoidance strategies and vigilance, were found to be the most commonly used safety strategies by women. Women’s fear of crime likely cannot be completely designed away in the physical environment but will require structural changes that promote gender equality in our society. With that noted, it is important that urban planners and designers are aware of how the physical environment affects women’s perceived safety. This study found that principles of CPTED generally made women feel safer, particularly important were good lighting and natural surveillance. Green spaces such as parks were found to often be avoided by women after dark. The geographical location and use of safety principles such as CPTED is thus especially important at such locations. Urban planners and designers have the power to shape public spaces that are accessible and safe. Public policies and design that promote equality in access to and use of public space is a feature of a more just democratic society.

No description available.

The basic principle in SAS is to use an array which is small in length to create a long synthetic array thus the better resolution is achieved through the use of signal processing. Additionally, the resolution that is independent of range and signal frequency, makes SAS a advantageous tool for applications. Although the origin of SAS comes from SAR, SAS still needs to overcome all constraints for real-world application. In a previous study by Sung and prof. Liu, published results of the along track resolution experiments which were well done however there was still much room in range resolution, the purpose of this research is to achieve high range resolution at any ranges. Indeed there are many existing factors affecting the capability of resolution which including characteristic of the target, certain arrangements of targets, bandwidth, waveforms and pulse duration and etc. High range resolution is obtained using pulse compression techniques. The experiments were carried out using the transducers of AST MK VI 192 kHz which were employed to transmit and receive signals, scanned various copper balls at anechoic water tank(4 m ¡Ñ 3.5 m ¡Ñ 2 m) in NSYSU. From the equipment we have now results were evaluated based on both simulated and real data: for the range resolution the pulse length is very important the shortest pulse length on an object would be 2L/c theoretically, the measured range resolution is about 7.5 cm for the 20-kHz bandwidth signals and 5 cm for along track resolution. As all the experiments have been successful in the Water Tank, we intent to launch further investigation of this research to the real world application of SAS i.e. in Sizihwan Bay Marine Test Field.

With the common adoption of the Internet and Web in the recent years, the WOM has been changed to electronic WOM (e- WOM). E-WOM is the positive or negative statements made about a product, company, or media personality that are made widely available via the Internet. It has become an important source of information for the consumer to make decisions including purchase and more and more people have noticed the importance of its applications. The goal of this research is to investigate ¡§message passing along behavior intention¡¨ (MPBI) by using Social Cognitive Theory and Social Capital Theory from the viewpoints of people and environment. We use survey method to collect the data and use PLS to analyze it. And the results reveal that when people passing message along to others, they care about how close these messages are with them instead of how correct these messages are. It implies that MPBI has the nature of daily life, and therefore, people will be more willing to pass daily life messages. Besides, individuals tend to pass along messages to people who have substantial relationship with him/her. We also found people pass message along to people not for reputation but for expressing their affections to others. In addition, message passing Self-efficacy is also important to MPBI. We also classified MPBI into two types ¡X the one is hedonic and the other is utilitarian. The results indicate that people have different behavioral pattern when they deal with different kind of MPBI. In sum, MPBI is a channel for people to maintain the relationship with others and the findings of this study provides some suggestions for the e-WOM research.