En el presente trabajo se realizó el análisis toxicológico de identificación y cuantificación de los residuos del insecticida órganofosforado METHAMIDOPHOS en 25 muestras de tomates, en tres mercados mayoristas (La Parada, 3 de Febrero y Manzanilla) y dos mercados minoristas (N° 1 – San Juan de Lurigancho y Ceres – Ate), todos ubicados en el departamento de Lima. El análisis de identificación cualitativa se realizó por Cromatografía en Capa Fina (CCF) utilizando los Rf y por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC) utilizando los tiempos de retención. El análisis Cuantitativo se realizó por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC), utilizando las áreas integradas de los picos en los cromatogramas obtenidos. Se determinó la presencia de Methamidophos en la totalidad de las muestras analizadas. De las 25 muestras analizadas solo una muestra (4%) perteneciente al mercado mayorista 3 de Febrero presentó una concentración máxima de 1.0369 ppm de Methamidophos excediendo el Límite Máximo Residual (LMR) para el Methamidophos en tomates según Codex Alimentarius que es de 1.0 ppm. Palabras Clave: tomate, plaguicidas, órganofosforados, Methamidophos, LMR, CCF, HPLC. / In the present study was conducted toxicological analysis for the identification and quantification of the organophosphate insecticide METHAMIDOPHOS residue in 25 samples of tomatoes, three wholesale markets (La Parada, 3 de Febrero and Manzanilla) and two retail markets (No. 1- San Juan de Lurigancho and Ceres – Ate) , all located in the department of Lima. Qualitative identification analysis was performed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using the Rf and High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using the retention times. Quantitative analysis was performed by high resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the integrated areas of peaks in the chromatograms obtained. We determined the presence of Methamidophos in all samples. Of the 25 samples tested only one sample (4%) belonging to the wholesale market 3 de Febrero present a maximum concentration of 1.0369 ppm of Methamidophos exceeding the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) for Methamidophos on tomatoes as Codex Alimentarius is 1.0 ppm. Key Words: tomato, insecticide, organophosphates, Methamidophos, MRL, TLC, HPLC.

La validación del método analítico es parte integral del sistema de control de calidad, puesto que confiere fiabilidad a los resultados analíticos obtenidos en un laboratorio de análisis, a fin de asegurar que un medicamento cumpla los parámetros de calidad establecidos. En este trabajo presentamos la validación de un método analítico de valoración de Naproxeno Sódico 550 mg en tabletas, utilizando la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta performance establecido en la USP 28. Los parámetros estadísticos empleados en la validación son: La linealidad; que mide la capacidad del método analítico para producir resultados que son proporcionales a la concentración del analito, lo cual queda demostrado en la validación al obtener un coeficiente de correlación r= 0.99992, siendo el valor mínimo permisible de 0.997. La exactitud mide la proximidad de los resultados obtenidos por este método y el valor real. Al aplicar el test de student para demostrar la exactitud del método analítico se obtuvo un texp (1.1932) que es menor al t de las tablas (2.306); por lo tanto no existe diferencia significativa entre la recuperación media y la cantidad añadida de analito, es decir que el porcentaje de recuperación del analito es muy cercano al 100%. / The Validation of analytic methods is an all-round part of the Quality Control System, because it confers reliability to analytical results obtained in the laboratory to ensure that a specific medicine meets stablished quality requirements. This work presents the Validation of an Analytical Method to perform a quantitative analysis to the active component from 550 mg Sodium Naproxeno tablets using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) according to the USP 26.The validation is based on enough dates from laboratory which supports validity of analytical methods. Some important statistical parameters are: Linearity, exactitude, precision, selectivity and specificity. Linearity measures the capacity of the analytic method for producing results which are directly proportional to concentration of an active substance within a specific range, called the work range. The exactitude measures how near the results obtained by the chosen method and the real value are. This is often expressed as recovery percentage.

El análisis por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Precisión (HPLC) de productos farmacéuticos es una necesidad y es de uso rutinario. Esta técnica evita minimiza los errores que conllevan a situaciones de riesgo al usuario, garantizando que el contenido en el producto sea el correcto. La validación es un proceso establecido que obtiene pruebas documentadas y demostrativas para que un método de análisis sea lo suficientemente fiable y reproducible para producir un resultado previsto dentro de los intervalos definidos. La validación de un método analítico es un requisito necesario para cumplir con las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) y así asegurar la calidad del medicamento. La Técnica Analítica desarrollada y propuesta en el presente trabajo plantea la cuantificación por el método de HPLC de un producto farmacéutico que contiene Clenbuterol Clorhidrato solución oral gotas. En el cual se procedió a la validación del método de análisis evaluando los parámetros que indican las obras oficiales, como son: selectividad, linealidad, precisión, exactitud y robustez. Posteriormente, se elaboró el Protocolo de validación del método de análisis, para lo cual se contó con el diseño experimental y los procedimientos estadísticos, concluyéndose así que el método analítico propuesto es selectivo, lineal, preciso, reproducible y exacto; comprobándose así su validez. / The Analysis by High Precision Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) of pharmaceuticals is a necessity and is routinely used. This technique avoids minimizes errors that lead to situations of risk to the user, ensuring that the contents in the product is correct. Validation is a process established that evidence obtained to document and demonstrates an analytical method is sufficiently reliable and reproducible to produce an intended result within the defined intervals. The analytical method validation is a necessary requirement to comply with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and thus ensure the quality of the product. The analytical technique developed and proposed in this paper discusses the quantification by HPLC of a pharmaceutical product containing Clenbuterol Hydrochloride oral solution drops. In which we proceeded to validate the analysis method evaluating the parameters that indicate the official works, such as: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Subsequently developed the Protocol for validation of analytical method, for which they received the experimental design and statistical procedures, concluding that the proposed analytical method is selective, linear, accurate, reproducible and accurate; see that they are valid.

La validación es un requisito imprescindible para el cumplimiento de las Buenas Prácticas de Laboratorio lo que está establecido por agencias regulatorias y las diversas Farmacopeas. Para la validación de un método analítico se deben evaluar una serie de parámetros como: la selectividad, linealidad, precisión, exactitud, limites de detección y cuantificación, rango y robustez . A partir de que no se tiene un modelo único para validar y que los parámetros a evaluar cambian de acuerdo con los requisitos legales de las diferentes entidades, el presente trabajo plantea el desarrollo de la validación de un método analítico propio por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Performance para Glimepiride bajo la forma farmacéutica de comprimidos. Se ha desarrollado un método selectivo por HPLC para esta nueva sulfonilurea. El ensayo fue cuantificado en columna de fase reversa, flujo de 1 mL/min, longitud de onda de 228 nm con detector de arreglo de diodos, fase movil isocratico, volumen de inyeccion de 20 uL, temperatura de 30° C y a la concentración de 160 ug/mL de glimepiride en solvente orgánico. Con los parámetros definidos para el trabajo, se ejecuta el protocolo de validación del método para lo cual se cuenta con el diseño experimental y los procedimientos estadísticos, concluyendo que la metodología analítica propuesto es lineal, exacta, y selectiva, cumpliendo así con los parámetros de validación establecidos en las obras oficiales; por lo cual el método validado es confiable y puede ser empleado en los análisis de rutina. / Validation is an indispensable requisite for the compliment of Good Laboratory Practices. It is settled by regulatory agencies and the pharmacopoeia. The Validation of an analytic method includes the evaluation of a series of parameters. They are: selectivity, linearity, precision, detection and quantitation limit, accuracy, and robustness. Starting form the criteria that there is no a single model to validate, and the fact of the parameters to evaluate it change according the legal requirements of different organizations, this work propose the development and validation of an HPLC analytical method for the Glimepiride in the pharmaceutical presentation of tablets. A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for this new sulphonylurea. The assay was quantitated on a reversed-phase column, flow of 1 mL/min, absorbance at 228 nm with diode array detector, isocratic run, injection volume of 20 uL, temperature of 30° C and final concentration of 160 ug/mL for glimepiride in organic solvent .When the conditionsn in this work were defined, we started the analysis for theevaluation of validation’s parameters. It was shown by the experimental design and the statistic procedures, that the proposed analytical technique is linear, is accurate, is precise and finally is selective. The proposed technique accomplished all established validation’s parameters established in the official papers. Thus, the validate method is reliable and it can be used in the routine analyses.

No description available.

No description available.

The Lake Minnewanka area is one of Banff National Park's most scenic and highly visited regions. Impacts such as the loss of significant montane habitat (characteristic of the Lower Bow Valley ecosystem) and social implications like crowding led to the need to develop a strategy for managing the area. The author worked with a planning team from the Canadian Parks Service(CPS) in Banff National Park (BNP) to develop the Minnewanka Area Plan. The primary purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the Minnewanka Area Plan to determine whether it effectively serves to maintain and enhance ecological integrity. A theoretical framework based on integrated ecosystem management was developed to evaluate the plan. Normative criteria from literature on recreational carrying capacity management and meaningful public participation were defined and applied to the plan. Overall, the plan was rated as successful according to the normative criteria. All of the criteria for an effective approach to carrying capacity management were considered and the plan reflected a fair and efficient public participation process. Stakeholder input influenced plan decisions to a high degree and several partnerships were developed through the planning process. Several inadequacies in the plan were identified through the evaluation. The adoption of an approach to ecosystem management called the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) was recommended as a guiding principle within the plan. The step-by-step LAC model was seen as overly complex in the context of the case study. Indicators and a monitoring program which are central to the LAC process were not defined as part of the plan. The evaluation of the public participation process indicated that stakeholder participation was high early in the planning process and reflected a partnership relationship where stakeholders shared the power of decision-making. During completion of the draft and final plan, the process became one of public consultation where the level and frequency of participation was lowered. Recommendations for improving the efficacy of the Minnewanka Area Plan are made within the thesis. A simpler approach to visitor and resource management which maintains the essential criteria of the LAC approach is suggested. Measures for maintaining a high level of public participation and improving the accountability of the CPS in decision-making are proposed. The normative criteria based on carrying capacity management and meaningful public participation processes are presented as a model for facilitating integrated ecosystem management in area planning within national parks.

The liquid-to-crystal nucleation temperature is measured for clathrate-forming mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and water using both an automatic lag time apparatus (ALTA) and a ball screening apparatus. Our results are conclusive evidence that no so-called “memory effect” exists. Either the solid form melts fully or it does not. If it does not, then no supercooling is possible on the next cooling down of that sample, and if it does then the second cooling run and freezing on a sample is just as likely to have a colder nucleation temperature as a hotter one.

The statistics of liquid-to-crystal nucleation are measured for clathrate-forming mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and water using an automatic lag time apparatus (ALTA). We measure the nucleation temperature where a single sample is repeatedly cooled, nucleated and thawed. This is done for a series of tetrahydrofuran concentrations and in several different sample tubes since the nucleation is heterogeneous and occurring on the tube wall. The measurements are also done at the same concentrations and tubes but with an added catalyst, a single crystal of silver iodide. We discuss the need for this type of measurement if the true nucleation temperature of the clathrate is to be found. Comparisons are also made with our high pressure data on real-world clathrate formers.

The results of an ethnohistorical study of Lethbridge, Alberta led to my questioning current presumptions in the Canadian social inequality literature that social class, income, educational attainment, gender and ethnicity are principal factors in shaping social inequality in Canada. The ethnographic evidence suggests that membership criteria associated with locally-defined, historically-evolved groups mark who has political influence (a specific form of social power), and where the ensuing social inequalities lie in Lethbridge. A theoretical framework describing how historical circumstances lead to the redefinition of which socially-defined characteristics become local status markers is presented as the underlying theoretical orientation of this thesis. The framework does not preclude the possibility that social groups other than those studied in this thesis use social class, occupation, income, education, gender and ethnicity as status characteristics or group membership criteria. The framework is my attempt to clarify the often-unclear relationship among social inequality concepts. A mail-out social survey (N=238) was used to empirically test the hypothesis that Lethbridge group membership is a better predictor than social class, income, educational attainment, gender and/or ethnicity of who has political influence in Lethbridge community decision-making. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), bivariate correlation, and multiple regression. Mixed levels of support were found for the Lethbridge group hypotheses, with the "fits in" and "local trade/business people" receiving considerable support; North/South/West sider, and religious affiliation receiving some support; and Old-timers receiving no support. In contrast, the only social inequality hypothesis to receive more than minimal support was level of education. It is concluded that status characteristics are more fluid, local and historically negotiated than assumed in the social inequality literature. Suggested directions for future theoretical and empirical work include refinement of the relationships among social inequality variables and further empirical tests of the theoretical framework proposed here.