Peripherin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is predominately expressed in the peripheral nervous system and in subsets of efferent projections in the central nervous systems. While the exact role of peripherin remains unclear, it is found upregulated after traumatic neuronal injury and in the devastating neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interestingly, peripherin overexpressing transgenic mice succumb to motor neuron disease with pathological hallmarks reminiscent of those found in ALS. Pathological peripherin abnormalities occur with high frequency in both familial and sporadic forms of ALS, with peripherin found associated with the majority intracellular inclusions present within degenerating motor neuron populations. The findings of peripherin mutations in sporadic ALS have reinforced the importance of peripherin as a prospective etiological or propagative factor of disease pathogenesis. Surprisingly, inherited peripherin gene mutations have not been identified; as such, understanding the post-transcriptional mechanism at which peripherin imparts its effect(s) is considered a key goal and represents a pathological point-of-convergence for an otherwise complex, multifaceted disease. Prior to the commencement of this work, our group identified the presence of an abnormal peripherin alternative splice variant upregulated in ALS. In doing so, we consistently observed the presence of a second peripherin species of ~45 kDa on immunoblots of cell lysates derived from full-length peripherin transfections. Here, we identified this protein as a constitutively expressed isoform, termed Per-45, that arises from alternative translation and that is required for normal filament assembly: changes to the normal isoform expression pattern are associated with malformed filaments and intracellular inclusions. In lieu of the possibility of distinct peripherin intra-isoform associations, we identified isoform-specific expression and ratio changes in traumatic neuronal injury, in mouse models of motor neuron disease, and in ALS. Finally, we explored the interrelationships between peripherin isoform expression, protein aggregation, and neuritic outgrowth by linking these phenotypes with major pathogenic features associated with ALS, including in vitro models of oxidation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Overall, this thesis provides exciting new insight into our knowledge of basic IF biology and the role of peripherin isoforms in injury and in motor neuron disease.

Peripherin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is predominately expressed in the peripheral nervous system and in subsets of efferent projections in the central nervous systems. While the exact role of peripherin remains unclear, it is found upregulated after traumatic neuronal injury and in the devastating neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Interestingly, peripherin overexpressing transgenic mice succumb to motor neuron disease with pathological hallmarks reminiscent of those found in ALS. Pathological peripherin abnormalities occur with high frequency in both familial and sporadic forms of ALS, with peripherin found associated with the majority intracellular inclusions present within degenerating motor neuron populations. The findings of peripherin mutations in sporadic ALS have reinforced the importance of peripherin as a prospective etiological or propagative factor of disease pathogenesis. Surprisingly, inherited peripherin gene mutations have not been identified; as such, understanding the post-transcriptional mechanism at which peripherin imparts its effect(s) is considered a key goal and represents a pathological point-of-convergence for an otherwise complex, multifaceted disease. Prior to the commencement of this work, our group identified the presence of an abnormal peripherin alternative splice variant upregulated in ALS. In doing so, we consistently observed the presence of a second peripherin species of ~45 kDa on immunoblots of cell lysates derived from full-length peripherin transfections. Here, we identified this protein as a constitutively expressed isoform, termed Per-45, that arises from alternative translation and that is required for normal filament assembly: changes to the normal isoform expression pattern are associated with malformed filaments and intracellular inclusions. In lieu of the possibility of distinct peripherin intra-isoform associations, we identified isoform-specific expression and ratio changes in traumatic neuronal injury, in mouse models of motor neuron disease, and in ALS. Finally, we explored the interrelationships between peripherin isoform expression, protein aggregation, and neuritic outgrowth by linking these phenotypes with major pathogenic features associated with ALS, including in vitro models of oxidation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Overall, this thesis provides exciting new insight into our knowledge of basic IF biology and the role of peripherin isoforms in injury and in motor neuron disease.

La glycyl-ARNt synthétase humaine (GRS) est une enzyme clé dans la traduction des protéines dans le cytosol et la mitochondrie. Chez l’Homme, des mutations de la GRS conduisent à la neuropathie périphérique Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT). Bien que l’activité de la GRS soit ubiquitaire, les mutations associées à la CMT n’affectent que les nerfs périphériques, suggérant un rôle supplémentaire de la GRS dans les neurones. Pour comprendre ce rôle, nous avons d’abord élucidé le mécanisme particulièrement complexe qui contrôle l’expression de la GRS mitochondriale et cytosolique à partir du même gène. Nous avons identifié deux ARNm : un codant pour les deux enzymes ; et un autre plus long qui contient une IRES fonctionnelle et un uORF. Cet ARNm complexe, ne génère que la GRS cytosolique et montre que son expression et localisation sont étroitement contrôlées. De plus, nous avons montré une distribution particulière de la GRS dans des neurones, qui est un premier indice sur un rôle non canonique. / Human Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GRS) is a housekeeping enzyme with a key role in protein synthesis, both in the cytosol and the mitochondria. In human, mutations in GRS cause the Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) peripheral neuropathy. Though GRS activity is required in all cells, the CMT-associated mutations affect only the peripheral nervous system, suggesting an additional non canonical role.To understand how GRS is involved in CMT pathology, we first elucidated the original post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that controls the expression of both the mitochondrial and the cytosolic GRS from a single gene. We identified two mRNA isoforms: one coding for both enzymes; and a longer one containing a functional IRES and an uORF encoding only the cytosolic GRS, evidence that expression and localization of human GRS are tightly controlled. Furthermore, we found a particular Ca2+ dependant distribution of GRS in neurons, giving us a first clue about a potential non-canonical role in neurons.