Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_er_dr_rcla.pdf: 1176380 bytes, checksum: 2458a65ca174e407c9be76f8a7548b6d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O palmito Euterpe edulis é uma das espécies de árvores dominates na Floresta Atlântica, e seus frutos constituem uma parte importante da dieta de várias espécies de aves frugívoras. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em três tipos de Floresta Atlântica (restinga, planície e encosta), na Ilha do Cardoso (Cananéia, São Paulo), durante três anos de observação. Os objetivos foram (1) comparar a fenologia reprodutiva do palmito nos três tipos florestais, e determinar quais os fatores ambientais que estariam influenciando os padrões encontrados; (2) estudar a oferta de frutos e consumo dos mesmos pelas aves frugívoras (em particular, duas espécies de aves Turdus flavipes e Turdus albicollis), e avaliar a relação da abundância destas aves com a oferta de frutos da comuniade arbórea e do palmito E. edulis. Nós avaliamos o consumo de frutos das aves e monitoramos a fenologia de frutificação do palmito e da comunidade arbórea nos três tipos florestais, comparando mensalmente com os dados de censo das aves, de agosto 2001 a julho 2004. Nós também estimamos no mesmo período à produção de frutos e sementes coletados no chão da floresta para o palmito e para a comunidade arbórea. A fenologia de frutificação do palmito foi anual e sazonal nos três tipos florestais, com as fases fruto imaturo e verde correlacionadas com o comprimento do dia, precipitação, e temperaturas, importantes fatores para o desenvolvimento dos frutos. A biomasa de frutos e sementes de palmito coletados no chão diferiram significativamene entre os tipos florestais, sendo maiores estas diferenças entre as florestas restinga e planície. Estas diferenças na produtividade foram relacionadas a densidade do palmito em cada área e a fertilidade de solo. Sobre a dieta das aves... / The palm Euterpe edulis is one of the most common species in Atlantic Brazilian Tropical Rainforest, and its fruits are an important part on the diet of several frugivorous birds' species. This study had been developed in three Atlantic Rainforest types (restinga, lowland and premontane), located in Cardoso Island (Cananéia, São Paulo state), during three years of study. The objectives were: (1) to compare the reproductive phenology of the palm in three forest types, determining which environmental factors could be affecting the patterns found; (2) to study the available number of fruits and the consume of them by the frugivorous birds (mainly, two birds species Turdus flavipes and Turdus albicollis), and to evaluate the abundance relation of these birds with the available number of fruits in the arboreal community and the palm E. edulis. The fruits consume of the birds had been evaluated, and the reproductive phenology of the palm as well the arboreal community in the three types of forest had been monitored. The bird's census data had been compared from August 2001 to July 2004. The palm and the arboreal community production of fruits and seeds taken on the ground of the forest had been estimated during the same period. The reproductive phenology of the palm was annual and seasonal in the three types of forest, having its unripe fruit phases co-related to the day length, precipitation, and temperatures which are important aspects to the fruit development. The palm fruit and seed biomass taken on the ground of the forest differs meaningfully within the forest types, such difference is bigger when considered the restinga and lowland forest. This productivity differences were related to the palm density in each area and the soil fertility. About the bird s diet, 600 records of feeding had been observed, and the families which got the biggest... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: O palmito Euterpe edulis é uma das espécies de árvores dominates na Floresta Atlântica, e seus frutos constituem uma parte importante da dieta de várias espécies de aves frugívoras. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em três tipos de Floresta Atlântica (restinga, planície e encosta), na Ilha do Cardoso (Cananéia, São Paulo), durante três anos de observação. Os objetivos foram (1) comparar a fenologia reprodutiva do palmito nos três tipos florestais, e determinar quais os fatores ambientais que estariam influenciando os padrões encontrados; (2) estudar a oferta de frutos e consumo dos mesmos pelas aves frugívoras (em particular, duas espécies de aves Turdus flavipes e Turdus albicollis), e avaliar a relação da abundância destas aves com a oferta de frutos da comuniade arbórea e do palmito E. edulis. Nós avaliamos o consumo de frutos das aves e monitoramos a fenologia de frutificação do palmito e da comunidade arbórea nos três tipos florestais, comparando mensalmente com os dados de censo das aves, de agosto 2001 a julho 2004. Nós também estimamos no mesmo período à produção de frutos e sementes coletados no chão da floresta para o palmito e para a comunidade arbórea. A fenologia de frutificação do palmito foi anual e sazonal nos três tipos florestais, com as fases fruto imaturo e verde correlacionadas com o comprimento do dia, precipitação, e temperaturas, importantes fatores para o desenvolvimento dos frutos. A biomasa de frutos e sementes de palmito coletados no chão diferiram significativamene entre os tipos florestais, sendo maiores estas diferenças entre as florestas restinga e planície. Estas diferenças na produtividade foram relacionadas a densidade do palmito em cada área e a fertilidade de solo. Sobre a dieta das aves... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The palm Euterpe edulis is one of the most common species in Atlantic Brazilian Tropical Rainforest, and its fruits are an important part on the diet of several frugivorous birds' species. This study had been developed in three Atlantic Rainforest types (restinga, lowland and premontane), located in Cardoso Island (Cananéia, São Paulo state), during three years of study. The objectives were: (1) to compare the reproductive phenology of the palm in three forest types, determining which environmental factors could be affecting the patterns found; (2) to study the available number of fruits and the consume of them by the frugivorous birds (mainly, two birds species Turdus flavipes and Turdus albicollis), and to evaluate the abundance relation of these birds with the available number of fruits in the arboreal community and the palm E. edulis. The fruits consume of the birds had been evaluated, and the reproductive phenology of the palm as well the arboreal community in the three types of forest had been monitored. The bird's census data had been compared from August 2001 to July 2004. The palm and the arboreal community production of fruits and seeds taken on the ground of the forest had been estimated during the same period. The reproductive phenology of the palm was annual and seasonal in the three types of forest, having its unripe fruit phases co-related to the day length, precipitation, and temperatures which are important aspects to the fruit development. The palm fruit and seed biomass taken on the ground of the forest differs meaningfully within the forest types, such difference is bigger when considered the restinga and lowland forest. This productivity differences were related to the palm density in each area and the soil fertility. About the bird’s diet, 600 records of feeding had been observed, and the families which got the biggest... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Mauro Galetti / Coorientador: Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato / Banca: Sandra Bos Mikich / Banca: Adelar Mantovani / Banca: Mercival Roberto Francisco / Banca: Valesca Bononi Ziparro / Doutor

The ultimate causes of bird migration are largely unknown despite more than a century of research. By studying partially migratory short-distance tropical migrants and by employing comparative methods, some difficulties in testing hypotheses for evolution of migration can be overcome. Using comparative methods I tested the evolutionary precursor hypothesis, a major hypothesis for why migration evolved in some lineages and not in others. The results of this study conflicted with many assumptions and predictions of the evolutionary precursor hypothesis. Most importantly, migratory behavior was not related to diet and habitat in simple ways. The interaction between diet and habitat, as well as consistent associations between flocking behavior and migration suggested that food variability is poorly captured by the surrogates embodied in the evolutionary precursor hypothesis. I then employed comparative methods to studying tropical altitudinal migration. Comparisons of diets and fruit preferences between species pairs showed that migrants are more frugivorous, eat a broader diversity of fruits, and have diets that more strongly resemble their preferences than do residents. Although providing evidence that food limitation plays a role in altitudinal migration, these results do not support the hypothesis that interspecific competition explains variation in migratory behavior. Next, I provided the first test of a predation-based hypothesis to explain altitudinal migration. Migrants breed at higher elevations than where they spend their non-breeding season. Thus, birds may migrate uphill to escape high nest predation risk at lower elevations. Results from this experimental study are largely consistent with this hypothesis, but anomalies between predicted and observed patterns suggest that either migration of lowland birds occurs in response to other factors, or that anthropogenic change has altered the tradeoffs involved in migratory decisions. Finally, I focus on a single migrant species and evaluate (a) two food-based hypotheses to explain the destination of migration movements, and (b) mechanisms underlying intra-specific differences in migratory strategy. Food can explain why Corapipo altera migrate uphill, but not why they migrate downhill. My data on sex bias and body condition leads to a new hypothesis explaining the complete annual cycle of this tropical migrant bird.

No description available.