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Optimum conditions for the lithium-liquid ammonia reduction of 4-t-butylcyclohexyl methanesulfonate(I) to t-butylcyclohexane(II) and traps-4-t-butylcyclohexanol(III) were determined. The mesylate I eater was synthesized from alcohol III which was prepared by the lithium aluminum hydridealuminum chloride reduction of commercial 4-t-butyloyclohexanone.The parameters of the lithium-liquid ammonia medium studied were: lithium concentration, proton source, reduction temperature, cosolvent, and reduction time. These parameters were examined in relation to their effect on the lithium-liquid ammonia medium to convert mesylate I to hydrocarbon II and alcohol III. The experimental results for these parameters demonstrated the optimum conditions for the production of hydrocarbon II to be the following: lithium concentration, 0.17 M; added acid, ethanol; reduction temperature, -3300; and cosolvent, ethyl ether. A reduction time of one hour is sufficient when these optimum conditions for the lithium-liquid ammonia medium are satisfied.Vapor phase chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were determined to be reliable techniques for the quantitative analysis of the reduction products. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of mesylate I and alcohol III were compared.

The provision of high quality analytical data is an essential prerequisite for understanding the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in the aquatic environment. Due to the instability of samples collected for nutrient determinations however, in situ analysis is preferred. This approach also allows for high temporal and spatial resolution of the data and alteration of the sampling frequency to meet local environmental needs. Chapter One describes the role of nitrogen species, particularly ammonia and nitrate, in the aquatic environment, their sources, and possible environmental effects and summarises analytical techniques for their determination. Solid state miniaturised detectors and their suitability for in situ monitoring are also discussed. The characterisation and evaluation of a miniature Ocean Optics PSD - 1000 spectrometer and its suitability for field deployment is described in Chapter Two. Parameters investigated were optical resolution, wavelength repeatability, photometric linearity and instrumental noise and drift. The incorporation of the Ocean Optics PSD - 1000 miniature spectrometer into a gas diffusion Flow Injection (Fl) manifold for the determination of ammonia in natural waters is detailed in Chapter Three. Optimisation of the Fl parameters and analytical performance are discussed in detail. The development of an immobilised pH indicator and adaptation to a laminar Fl manifold is also considered. Chapter Four describes the use of the miniature spectrometer in a Fl manifold for the determination of nitrate and nitrite, with analytical figures of merit detailed. The increased information potential of the spectrometer (i.e. full spectral acquisition) facilitated the removal of the refractive index problem using dual wavelength correction. Miniaturisation and automation of the optimised nitrate manifold using micro-solenoid pumps and LabView™ graphical programming is described in Chapter Five. Field deployment of the automated system was assessed during a six week British Schools Exploring Society Expedition to Lesotho, S. Africa (in which an intensive biogeochemical survey of the Sehlabathebe National Park was conducted) and a three day campaign on the River Frome, Dorset, U.K. Chapter Six details the ion chromatographic analysis of major anions and cations (including ammonium and nitrate) in precipitation samples. Two sampling campaigns were conducted. One was at an urban site (Plymouth City Centre) from 27/01/98 - 11/05/98, and the influence of aerosol source on the chemical composition of Plymouth precipitation is discussed. The other involved the Austrian precipitation network and wet deposition trends for nitrate, ammonium and sulphate are discussed. The multivariate analysis technique of PCA was applied to both environmental datasets and the interpretation and merits of this statistical approach are considered.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of a rice/soy fermentate when included in broiler diets and spray applied as a litter amendment on broiler performance, litter characterization, and ammonia and odorant volatilization. A series of three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the fermentate to reduce ammonia and odor compound volatilization when spray-applied to on recycled broiler litter. In experiment 1, spray-applying the two fermentate products did not affect ammonia volatilization; however the methodology was verified, as reductions were observed in the positive control. In experiment 2, spray application of the rice/soy fermentate did not have any impact on litter characteristics or average broiler body weight. However spray application of the rice/soy fermentate significantly reduced (P<0.05) observed mortality at the conclusion of the experiment. In experiment 3, spray application of the two fermentate products on fresh pine shavings following two activation times did reduce ammonia volatilization; although significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed in carbon and nitrogen content on day 43 and nitrogen content on day 35. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two fermented rice/soy products on volatilization of fecal odor compound volatilization and performance parameters when included in broiler diets. In experiment 1, the addition of fermentate B at 900 g/ton increased (p < 0.05) d 21 body weight. The inclusion of both fermentates (A and B) resulted in significant decreases (p < 0.05) in multiple volatile organic compounds, strongly associated with odor related to poultry. In experiment 2, the addition of fermentate B at 900 g/ton resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in d 14 body weight. Inclusion of both rice/soy fermentates (A and B) significantly increased (p < 0.05) carcass weights. Additionally, significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed in day 21 and 42 fecal pH with both fermentates (A and B). Taken in totality, these data demonstrate the ability of a rice/soy fermentate to alter litter nutrient content and intestinal environment resulting in increased nitrogen sequestering, reduced digest pH, reduce odorant volatilization, increased early bird weight, and reduce early mortality.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 1922. / Biography.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Leland Stanford Junior University, 1915.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1980. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-173).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1959. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-184).