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The inputs and losses of nitrogen from Great Basin arid soils were studied using the acetylene reduction and 15N techniques. Filamentous blue-green algae were observed to be the predominant algal group in the soil crusts. The bacterial association with this group of algae suggest a phycosphere-like effect, thus allowing heterotrophic nitrogen fixation and denitrification to occur. Up to 17.5 mg N/100 g soil was found to have been fixed in surface soils (0 to 3 em) during a three week incubation period, while 45.9 mg N/100 g soil was fixed in a five week incubation period. Ammonium sulfate and ammonium sulfate plus plant material amendments reduced the gain in nitrogen by 41 to 100 percent. 15 + 15 - Fifty to sixty percent of the applied NH4-N and N0 3-N was denitrified during the first week of incubation while 70 to 80 percent of the NH 4-N was lost in a three- to five-week incubation period. These data suggest that a potential for heterotrophic nitrogen fixation exists, and under optimal conditions, significant gains in soil nitrogen may be achieved. However, in the presence of allelochemic agents, the potential gain in soil nitrogen may be reduced or inhibited. In addition, the denitrification potentials of these soils may also limit the input of nitrogen. The application of protein ( casein) to these soils resulted in an ammonification rate of 50 to 60 percent. 15 Fixed N2 indicated a 21 to 48.8 percent ammonification rate, thus suggesting that the mineraliztion of NH 4 was the rate limiting step for nitrogen loss. Ammonia volatilization accounted for less than a five percent nitrogen loss, regardless of experimental conditions. The inhibitory effects of plant material and litter extracts, and ''N-Serve" on heterotrophic nitrogen fixation has been assessed. The data suggest that the nitrogen fixing population is sensitive to the inhibitory effects of such agents .

An isotopic dilution method was used to test the effects of osmotic potential, (IJ' ,), upon nitrification, ammonification, N-immobilization, and nitrous oxide production rates in soil at solute concentrations encountered in Penoyer soil. A nitrification potential assay was also performed to approximate maximum nitrification rates. Nitrification potential rates in soil slurries exponentially declined in response to decreased osmotic potential. However, nitrification was independent of salt concentration at the ambient NIL+ concentrations of the soil. The differential response was attributed to the variable NIL+ substrate quantities. The effects of osmotic potential were secondary to NIL+ substrate levels in controlling nitrification rates. Ammonification rates declined exponentially as a function of decreased osmotic potential; however, the 33% reductions in ammonification rates were restricted to a range of osmotic potentials between 0 and -500 kPa. Ammonification rates were independent of osmotic potential at potentials between -500 and -1800 kPa. Immobilization rates of both NH/ and N03- declined exponentially as osmotic potential decreased. Absolute rates ofN03- immobilization exceeded those of N~ • by a factor of 4, indicating that under N~+ limited conditions, substantial N03- assimilation occurred. However, the generalization that N~ + is the preferred N source was in fact supported by the data, where immobilization rates relative to the respective pool sizes clearly favored NH4 + assimilation. Nitrous oxide production rates increased linearly as osmotic potential decreased. An NH4 + dependence indicated the evolved N20 was derived from nitrification rather than denitrification.

Stormwater retention basins are an integral component of municipal stormwater management strategies in North America. The province of Ontario’s Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change obligates land developers to implement stormwater management in their land use and development plans to mitigate the effects of urbanization (Bradford and Gharabaghi, 2004). When stormwater retention ponds are improperly designed or maintained, these basins can fail at improving effluent water quality and may exasperate water quality issues. Intense H2S production events in stormwater infrastructure is a serious problem which is seldom encountered and documented in stormwater retention ponds. This study monitored two stormwater retention ponds situated in the Riverside South community, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada for a period of 15 consecutive months to thoroughly characterize intense hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production in a stormwater retention pond under ice covered conditions during winter operation and during periods of drought under non-ice covered conditions during the summer. Field experiments showed a strong relationship (p < 0.006, R > 0.58, n = 20+) between hypoxic conditions (dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration < 2 mg/L) and the intense production of H2S gas. Ice-capping of the stormwater ponds during winter severely hindered reaeration of the pond and led to significant production of total sulfides in the Riverside South Pond #2 (RSP2), which subsequently resulted in the accumulation of total sulfides in the water column (20.7 mg/L) during winter in this pond. There was a perceived lag phase between the drop in DO and the increase in total sulfides near the surface, which was potentially indicative of slow movement of total sulfides from the benthic sediment into the water column. These high-sulfide conditions persisted in RSP2 from early January 2015 until the spring thaw, in mid-April, 2015. Riverside South Pond #1 (RSP1), the reference pond studied in this work, showed significantly less production of total sulfides across a significantly shorter period of time. Analysis of the microbial communities showed that there was little change in the dominant bacterial populations present in the benthic sediment of the pond demonstrating significant total sulfide production (RSP2) and the pond that did not demonstrate significant total sulfide production (RSP1). Additionally, it was found that locations with the most accumulated sediment had the highest propensity for the production of H2S gas. Furthermore, there was no perceivable community shift in the two ponds throughout the seasons, indicating that the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in stormwater benthic sediment are ubiquitous, exist in an acclimatized microbial population and are robust. Study of the microbial abundances revealed that SRB represented approximately 5.01 ± 0.79 % of the microbes present in the benthic sediment of RSP2. Likewise, in the stormwater pond which did not experience intense H2S gas production, RSP1, 6.22 ± 2.11 % of microbes were of the SRB type, demonstrating that H2S gas production does not correspond to higher concentrations of SRB or the proliferation of dominant species, but rather is a symptom of increased bacterial activity due to favourable environmental conditions. In addition, this work also covers the kinetics of sediment oxygen demand (SOD), ammonification and sulfate-reduction, and attempts to understand the processes leading to H2S gas production events. In doing so, it was observed that kinetics obtained full-scale field studies were greater than in laboratory kinetic experiments. Laboratory experiments at 4°C identified total SOD, ammonification and sulfate-reduction kinetics to be 0.023 g/m2/day, 0.027 g N/m2/day and 0.004 g S/m2/day, respectively. Meanwhile, kinetics calculated from the field study of stormwater retention ponds for total SOD, ammonification and sulfate-reduction were of 0.491 g/m2/day, 0.120 g N/m2/day and 0.147 g S/m2/day, respectively. It is expected that this difference is due to the depth of active sediment influencing the total rates of production/consumption, making area-normalized daily rates of production/consumption (g/m2/day) unsuitable for the comparison of field and laboratory studies, without some scaling factor. This study also measured supplementary kinetic parameters such as the Arrhenius coefficients and the half-saturation coefficient, to add to existing knowledge of sulfate-reduction.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20009号 / 農博第2193号 / 新制||農||1045(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5018(農学部図書室) / 33105 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 阪井 康能, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Os processos de amonificação e nitrificação no solo são de fundamental importância para a disponibilidade de N-mineral às plantas. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a cana-de-açúcar tem preferência na absorção de NH4 + à NO3 -, podendo apresentar maior produtividade quando fertilizada apenas com Namoniacal. Da mesma forma, estudos indicaram que gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria podem inibir a nitrificação no solo por meio da exsudação radicular de compostos denominados braquiolactanas. Portanto, é oportuno avaliar as taxas de amonificação (TAB) e nitrificação brutas (TNB) de N pela técnica da diluição do isótopo 15N em solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar e braquiária. Devido à escassez de trabalhos voltados à estimativa da TAB e TNB em solos tropicais, adaptações na metodologia são requeridas. Objetivou-se, então, realizar ajustes nos protocolos para determinação da TAB e TNB, para, posteriormente, quantificar as referidas taxas em solos sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e de algumas espécies de gramíneas para pastagem. Primeiramente, avaliou-se o tempo necessário de agitação de amostras líquidas contendo um sistema de microdifusão para captura do N-mineral presente. Os resultados indicaram que a máxima recuperação isotópica de 15N-mineral e de N-15NH4 + ocorreu em 24 h de agitação. Em sequência foram avaliadas duas técnicas para recuperação do N-15NO3 - (eliminação prévia do N-NH4 + e diluição isotópica) presente em extratos de KCl contendo N-15NO3 - e 15N-mineral. Ambas foram eficientes, sendo recomendada técnica que preconiza a eliminação prévia do N-NH4 +, pela boa operacionalidade proporcionada. A última adaptação efetuada se refere à abundância de 15N no composto marcado a ser aplicado no solo, visto que em estudos com solos temperados, são utilizados compostos altamente enriquecidos no isótopo. Foi constatado que para solos tropicais (agricultáveis e cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, no caso) não há necessidade de alta marcação com 15N nos compostos. Por fim, foi quantificada a TAB e TNB de solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar e pastagens, com as devidas adaptações metodológicas efetuadas. A TAB dos solos de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem foi superior à TNB. Os solos de pastagem cultivados unicamente com a espécie B. humidicola apresentaram alto conteúdo de N-NH4 + e valores extremamente baixos de N-NO3 - e TNB, indicando inibição biológica da nitrificação. A ação inibitória da nitrificação em solos com ocupação de B. humidicola pode ser uma estratégia interessante para o plantio de cana-de-açúcar, com base na hipótese de preferência de absorção por NH4 + à NO3 - pela cultura. / The ammonification and nitrification processes of soils are of fundamental importance because they release mineral N to the plants. It was recently shown that sugarcane has a preference to uptake NH4 + instead of NO3 -, and may have higher yield when is fertilized with only NH4 +-N. Similarly, studies indicated that some Brachiaria species can inhibit soil nitrification through root exudation of free fatty acids. Therefore, it is appropriate to assess the gross rates of ammonification (GRA) and gross nitrification (GRN) by 15N pool dilution technique Therefore, it is appropriate to assess the gross rates of ammonification (GRA) and gross nitrification (GRN) by the 15N pool dilution technique in soils cropped with sugarcane and pasture. Due to the lack of studies related to the estimate of GRA and GRN in tropical soils, adjustments in methodology are required. Thus, the objectives were to perform some adjustments in the protocols of GRA and GRN to subsequently quantify such rates in soils under sugarcane and some pasture grasses. First, it was assessed the time needed for shaking liquid samples containing a microdiffusion system to capture the mineral N present. Results indicate that the maximum isotopic recovery of 15NH4 +-N and mineral-15N occurred within 24 h of shaking. Following, two methods of recovery the added 15NO3 --N (prior removal of NH4 +-N and isotope dilution procedure) to samples containing KCl were tested. Both methods were effective, but the technique that advocates removal of NH4 +-N is recommended, due to the good operability. The last adjustment made refers to the 15N abundance of labelled compound, since studies with temperate soils usually use highly enriched compounds in the isotope. It was observed that for tropical soils (arable and under sugarcane, in this case) there is no need to use highly enriched 15N-coumpounds. Finally, GRA and GRN were quantified in soils under sugarcane and pasture, applying the adjustments previously made. GRA in soils from sugarcane and pasture was higher compared to GRN. The soils under B. humidicola showed high content of NH4 +-N and extremely low values of NO3 --N and GRN, indicating biological nitrification inhibition. Nitrification inhibition in soils occupied by B. humidicola may be an interesting strategy for sugarcane planting, on the assumption of preference to uptake NH4 + rather than NO3 - in this crop.

Os processos de amonificação e nitrificação no solo são de fundamental importância para a disponibilidade de N-mineral às plantas. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a cana-de-açúcar tem preferência na absorção de NH4 + à NO3 -, podendo apresentar maior produtividade quando fertilizada apenas com Namoniacal. Da mesma forma, estudos indicaram que gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria podem inibir a nitrificação no solo por meio da exsudação radicular de compostos denominados braquiolactanas. Portanto, é oportuno avaliar as taxas de amonificação (TAB) e nitrificação brutas (TNB) de N pela técnica da diluição do isótopo 15N em solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar e braquiária. Devido à escassez de trabalhos voltados à estimativa da TAB e TNB em solos tropicais, adaptações na metodologia são requeridas. Objetivou-se, então, realizar ajustes nos protocolos para determinação da TAB e TNB, para, posteriormente, quantificar as referidas taxas em solos sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e de algumas espécies de gramíneas para pastagem. Primeiramente, avaliou-se o tempo necessário de agitação de amostras líquidas contendo um sistema de microdifusão para captura do N-mineral presente. Os resultados indicaram que a máxima recuperação isotópica de 15N-mineral e de N-15NH4 + ocorreu em 24 h de agitação. Em sequência foram avaliadas duas técnicas para recuperação do N-15NO3 - (eliminação prévia do N-NH4 + e diluição isotópica) presente em extratos de KCl contendo N-15NO3 - e 15N-mineral. Ambas foram eficientes, sendo recomendada técnica que preconiza a eliminação prévia do N-NH4 +, pela boa operacionalidade proporcionada. A última adaptação efetuada se refere à abundância de 15N no composto marcado a ser aplicado no solo, visto que em estudos com solos temperados, são utilizados compostos altamente enriquecidos no isótopo. Foi constatado que para solos tropicais (agricultáveis e cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, no caso) não há necessidade de alta marcação com 15N nos compostos. Por fim, foi quantificada a TAB e TNB de solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar e pastagens, com as devidas adaptações metodológicas efetuadas. A TAB dos solos de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem foi superior à TNB. Os solos de pastagem cultivados unicamente com a espécie B. humidicola apresentaram alto conteúdo de N-NH4 + e valores extremamente baixos de N-NO3 - e TNB, indicando inibição biológica da nitrificação. A ação inibitória da nitrificação em solos com ocupação de B. humidicola pode ser uma estratégia interessante para o plantio de cana-de-açúcar, com base na hipótese de preferência de absorção por NH4 + à NO3 - pela cultura. / The ammonification and nitrification processes of soils are of fundamental importance because they release mineral N to the plants. It was recently shown that sugarcane has a preference to uptake NH4 + instead of NO3 -, and may have higher yield when is fertilized with only NH4 +-N. Similarly, studies indicated that some Brachiaria species can inhibit soil nitrification through root exudation of free fatty acids. Therefore, it is appropriate to assess the gross rates of ammonification (GRA) and gross nitrification (GRN) by 15N pool dilution technique Therefore, it is appropriate to assess the gross rates of ammonification (GRA) and gross nitrification (GRN) by the 15N pool dilution technique in soils cropped with sugarcane and pasture. Due to the lack of studies related to the estimate of GRA and GRN in tropical soils, adjustments in methodology are required. Thus, the objectives were to perform some adjustments in the protocols of GRA and GRN to subsequently quantify such rates in soils under sugarcane and some pasture grasses. First, it was assessed the time needed for shaking liquid samples containing a microdiffusion system to capture the mineral N present. Results indicate that the maximum isotopic recovery of 15NH4 +-N and mineral-15N occurred within 24 h of shaking. Following, two methods of recovery the added 15NO3 --N (prior removal of NH4 +-N and isotope dilution procedure) to samples containing KCl were tested. Both methods were effective, but the technique that advocates removal of NH4 +-N is recommended, due to the good operability. The last adjustment made refers to the 15N abundance of labelled compound, since studies with temperate soils usually use highly enriched compounds in the isotope. It was observed that for tropical soils (arable and under sugarcane, in this case) there is no need to use highly enriched 15N-coumpounds. Finally, GRA and GRN were quantified in soils under sugarcane and pasture, applying the adjustments previously made. GRA in soils from sugarcane and pasture was higher compared to GRN. The soils under B. humidicola showed high content of NH4 +-N and extremely low values of NO3 --N and GRN, indicating biological nitrification inhibition. Nitrification inhibition in soils occupied by B. humidicola may be an interesting strategy for sugarcane planting, on the assumption of preference to uptake NH4 + rather than NO3 - in this crop.