Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-14T16:31:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE David Barbosa de Oliveira.pdf: 1920291 bytes, checksum: 39604e3439698062f64d60d5ed6005ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-14T16:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE David Barbosa de Oliveira.pdf: 1920291 bytes, checksum: 39604e3439698062f64d60d5ed6005ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-12 / Este trabalho possui como objetivo analisar a disputa do sentido das anistias políticas dentro do Estado, observando para tanto os discursos e práticas de ampliação e de restrição dos direitos dos militares anistiados políticos. Os discursos de ampliação dos direitos dos anistiados são analisados no Ministério da Justiça ao passo que as práticas e discursos de restrição dos direitos dos anistiados acontecem no Ministério da Defesa. A pesquisa também se deita sobre as representações que militares alinhados aos dois tipos de discurso possuem sobre a anistia a fim de entender melhor as características desses discursos. Além dos discursos e práticas de ampliação/restrição dos direitos dos anistiados, nos interessa também perscrutar os diálogos que esses discursos e práticas possibilitam com outras esferas estatais. Para lograr êxito nessa pesquisa lançamos mão de referenciais metodológicos que possibilitem analisar os textos, gêneros, discursos e práticas de modo a perceber os direcionamentos ideológicos realizados por cada grupo. Deste modo, a metodologia tem estribo na Análise de Discurso Crítica (ADC) de Norman Fairclough e na teoria de Mikhail Bakhtin. Nos apoiamos na ADC em razão de nos possibilitar analisar os aspectos ideológicos e as lutas de poder que podem ser identificadas nos discursos e práticas sociais. Já Mikhail Bakhtin favorece pensar as repercussões dos textos e práticas do Ministério da Justiça e do Ministério da Defesa com outras esferas estatais, como, por exemplo, o judiciário. Percebemos que a disputa pelo sentido da anistia se dá não só nos aparelhos estatais, mas a sociedade e seus movimentos também estão igualmente disputando esse sentido, que longe de possuir uma natureza jurídica, é construída em meio as disputas que os grupos e seus discursos desejam hegemonizar. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the dispute about the sense of political amnesties within the State, observing both speeches and expansion practices and restriction of the rights of military political amnesty. The expansion speeches of the rights granted to amnesty are analyzed in the Ministry of Justice while the practices and restriction speeches of the rights of amnesty happen in the Ministry of Defense. The survey also lies on the representations that military aligned with both types of speech have on the amnesty in order to better understand the characteristics of these speeches. In addition to the discourses and practices of extension / restriction of the rights of amnesty, we are also interested in peer dialogs that these discourses and practices interact with other state spheres. To achieve success in this research, we lay hold of methodological frameworks that allow analyzing the protests, genres, discourses and practices in order to realize the ideological directions made by each group. Thus, the methodology has stirrup in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) by Norman Fairclough and the theory of Mikhail Bakhtin. We are supported by the CDA due to enabling us to analyze the ideological aspects and the power struggles that can be identified in the discourses and social practices. On the other hand, Mikhail Bakhtin favors thinking about the repercussions of the texts and practices of the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Defense with other state sectors, such as the judiciary. We have realize that the dispute for the meaning of amnesty is true not only in the state apparatus, but also in society and its movements are equally contending that sense, that far from possessing a legal nature, it is built amid the disputes that the groups and their speeches wish to make it a commonplace.

Oil producing communities of Nigeria known as Niger Delta region has been a region characterized with fierce violent conflict for more than a decade. The conflict is between successive Nigerian Governments and their collaborating oil companies, and militant groups from the region. And the core issues in the conflict are the socio-economic deprivations and denial of resource control which were occasioned by corporate malfeasance and indifference of successive Nigerian Governments to the plight, demands and aspirations of the people of the region. The Nigerian Government who first aggravated the violent conflict in the region through the use of violent repression as an anti-protest measure however proposed an amnesty policy in June 2009 as a non-violent measure to address the crisis in the region. The policy aimed solely at disarming, rehabilitating and reintegrating the militants into the Nigerian state. The implementation of the policy brought a relative peace to the long troubled region for the first time, with the seeming compliance of the militants. This study however argues that the policy has no feasibility of ensuring a genuine and lasting peace in the long troubled region because its focus is not on the root cause of the crisis. Thus it argues that addressing the issue of human rights whose lack is the root cause of the crisis and whose provision has always been demands and the aspirations of the people will instead engender a genuine and lasting peace in the region.

Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Maria Gabriela Silva Martins da Cunha Marinho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, São Bernardo do Campo, 2018. / De 1964 a 1985 o Brasil esteve sob uma ditadura civil-militar. Este regime foi caracterizado principalmente pela prática e encorajamento de vários tipos de violência contra seres humanos. Isto aconteceu num contexto de ausência de democracia, supressão dos direitos constitucionais, censura, perseguição política e repressão. Por conta da Lei de Anistia, promulgada em 1979, a sociedade brasileira ainda não tinha acesso a quem foram os agentes do Estado que cometeram tais atrocidades e o que exatamente foi a ditadura civil-militar, tampouco se sabia como o regime autoritário operava. Isso vai na contramão do que determina a Justiça de Transição, que impõe como necessária a criação de uma Comissão da Verdade como um dos passos essenciais para um país realizar sua democracia após um regime autoritário, respeitando o Direito à Memória e à Verdade. A partir desse contexto, trouxe-se nessa dissertação a seguinte problemática: "constituiu-se no Brasil, no meio acadêmico, uma comunidade epistêmica em memória política a partir de uma rede de pesquisadores que estudam o advento da aplicação de justiça de transição por meio da Comissão Nacional da Verdade? E também: É possível reconhecer a formação dessa comunidade no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa ¿ Plataforma Lattes ¿ CNPq e nos dados presentes no Relatório Final da Comissão? Pretendeu-se analisar a formação dessa comunidade tendo-se como instrumento de análise o próprio conceito de Comunidade Epistêmica. Foi realizada revisão de literatura para construção do referencial teórico no âmbito brasileiro sobre memória política, política de memória, Comissão Nacional da Verdade, Justiça de Transição e Comunidades Epistêmicas, a fim embasar conceitualmente a pesquisa. Realizou-se a extração e análise de dados a fim de sistematizar a formação da comunidade via inventário de grupos de pesquisa estabelecidos no Diretório e no Relatório final da Comissão Nacional da Verdade. A análise foi feita a partir da perspectiva interdisciplinar na literatura. O presente trabalho nasceu do entendimento de que a memória política é um elemento que ajuda a compreender o modo como a sociedade e o Estado lidam com seu passado de graves violações de direitos humanos. Pensou-se que o estudo sobre o tema servirá para reflexão futura sobre as armadilhas e perigos reais do enfraquecimento da democracia e da cultura dos direitos humanos já vivenciados na história do Brasil. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que o entendimento e o uso do conceito de Comunidade Epistêmica contribuem para o aprofundamento da compreensão da formação dessa comunidade em memória política no Brasil, já que identificar uma comunidade epistêmica consiste em identificar um conjunto de atores cuja relevância social e profissional lhes permite fazer, com autoridade, afirmações sobre questões politicamente pertinentes e socialmente relevantes Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a atuação da rede de pesquisadores pode ser caracterizada como típica de uma comunidade epistêmica já que atendem aos requisitos conceituais para tanto. / From 1964 to 1985 Brazil was under a civil-military dictatorship. This regime was characterized mainly by the practice and encouragement of various types of violence against human beings. This happened in a context of absence of democracy, suppression of constitutional rights, censorship, political persecution and repression. Because of the Amnesty Law, promulgated in 1979, Brazilian society still did not have access to who were the agents of the State who committed such atrocities and what exactly was the civil-military dictatorship, nor was it known how the authoritarian regime operated. This is contrary to what determines the Transitional Justice, which imposes as necessary the creation of a Truth Commission as one of the essential steps for a country to achieve its democracy after an authoritarian regime, respecting the Right to Memory and Truth. From this context, the following problematic was brought up in this dissertation: "Brazil is constituted in the academic world, an epistemic community in political memory based on a network of researchers who study the advent of transitional justice through of the National Truth Commission? And also: Is it possible to recognize the formation of this community in the Directory of Research Groups - Plataforma Lattes - CNPq and in the data presented in the final report of the Commission? It aimed to analyze the formation of this community, having as an instrument of analysis the very concept of Epistemic Community. A literature review was carried out to construct the theoretical framework in the Brazilian context on political memory, memory politics, National Truth Commission, Transitional Justice and Epistemic Communities, in order to base the research conceptually. Data extraction and analysis were performed in order to systematize community formation through an inventory of research groups established in the Directory and the Final Report of the National Truth Commission. The analysis was made from the interdisciplinary perspective in the literature. The present work was born from the understanding that political memory is an element that helps to understand the way in which society and the State deal with its past of serious violations of human rights. It was thought that the study on the theme will serve for future reflection on the pitfalls and real dangers of the weakening of democracy and the culture of human rights already experienced in the history of Brazil. It was assumed that the understanding and the use of the concept of Epistemic Community contribute to the deepening of the understanding of the formation of this community in political memory in Brazil, since to identify an epistemic community consists in identifying a set of actors whose social and professional approach allows them to make authoritative statements about politically relevant and socially relevant issues. The results show that the performance of the network of researchers can be characterized as typical of an epistemic community since they meet the conceptual requirements for it.

The Niger Delta militancy ravaged the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector between 2004-2009, bringing it to a standstill. In response, the Nigerian state adopted an amnesty policy―a globally recognized tool for conflict resolution and peacebuilding―to protect the sector and the economy from collapse. Little is known, however, about the unintended consequences of the amnesty implementation for the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector. Thus, the purpose of this study was to fill this gap in the research literature on the Niger Delta amnesty program. Polarity management was the conceptual framework applied; relative deprivation and polarities of democracy constituted the theoretical foundation for this qualitative case study. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 29 purposefully selected participants from the senior ranks of the petroleum industry, sector trade unions, relevant government agencies, and a regional university. Data were inductively coded as part of content analysis, the data analysis strategy. Participants viewed the amnesty policy as being poorly conceived and implemented due to the many unintended negative consequences arising from the policy implementation. The key finding from the study indicates that both the sector and the Niger Delta region are worse off post the amnesty policy implementation. The study concludes that by adopting and implementing the study recommendations, stakeholders may be able to mitigate the identified unintended consequences, position the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector for sustainable growth, address the root causes of the militancy, and deliver a positive social change for the residents of Niger Delta.