Psychoactive plants have played a significant role in Andean cultures for millennia. Whilst there is evidence of the importance of psychoactive plants in the Andean archaeological record, none of these are direct proof that these culturally significant plants were used by ancient Andean populations. This project utilised liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate the use of psychoactive plants in individuals from cemetery sites in Chile and Peru by analysing hair specimens for a variety of psychoactive compounds. Hair specimens from 46 individuals buried at cemetery sites in the Azapa Valley (northern Chile) belonging to the Cabuza culture (c AD 300 ¿ 1000) indicated around half of these people ingested coca, as evidenced by the detection of BZE in hair specimens. Two individuals from this population tested positive for bufotenine, the main alkaloid in Anadenanthera snuff. There is a specific material culture associated with snuffing. These findings confirm Anadenanthera was consumed in the Azapa Valley. The 11 individuals from Peru came from the necropolis at Puruchuco-Huaquerones in the Rímac valley near Lima. These individuals belonged to the Ichma culture, but would have been under Inca imperial control during the Late Horizon. Although only a small sample, two-thirds tested positive for BZE, suggestive that access to coca was widespread. This project presents a synthesis of the archaeological evidence for the use of various psychoactive plants in Andes. Also presented is the first report of the detection of bufotenine in ancient hair samples and additional data contributing to the understanding of the use of coca in the Andes.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T11:32:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ELVIRA BEZERRA PESSOA - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 49929920 bytes, checksum: 3b211bebb087afcfef048700e63d31fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T11:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELVIRA BEZERRA PESSOA - TESE PPGEA 2012..pdf: 49929920 bytes, checksum: 3b211bebb087afcfef048700e63d31fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04 / Dentre as pragas que atacam as sementes de feijão durante o armazenamento, destaca-se o Zabrotes subfasciatus (gorgulho-do-feijão) por reduzir a qualidade e o valor nutricional das sementes. A redução da qualidade dos grãos/sementes durante o armazenamento está associada, principalmente, ao grau de infestação e às condições ambientais cm que se encontra a massa de feijão. Assim, buscou-se com este trabalho produzir e avaliar o potencial de extratos vegetais de Aspidosperma pyrifolium (pereiro), Anadenanthera colubrina (angico) e Licania rígida (oiticica) no controle do Zabrotes subjàsciatus, bem como avaliar a qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de feijão Phaseolus tratadas com extratos, obtidos da folha c da casca dessas espécies, durante 180 dias acondicionadas em embalagens do tipo pet em ambiente não controlado de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. O trabalho foi realizado cm quatro experimentos, onde no primeiro foram produzidos os extratos e realizados a bbatividade inseticida dos extratos vegetais hidroalcoolico e seco, cm que o extrato pereiro casca a partir da dose de 3 ml, foi 100% eficiente em matar o Zabrotes subfasciatus e, nas doses de 4 e 5 ml a mortalidade de 100% deu-se para todos os extratos. No segundo experimento se estudou a repelência/atralividade e mortalidade do Zabrotes subfasciatus pelos extratos pós das mesmas plantas, tendo-sc observado que o número de insetos adultos repelidos pelos extratos pós tbi maior com o extrato oiticica casca, seguido dos demais (pereiro casca, angico casca, pereiro folha e angico folha) que estatisticamente se igualaram e, o menor número de insetos repelidos deu-se com o extrato oiticica folha, ocorrendo o contrário com a atratividade. Os bioensaios para prospecção lltoquímica dos extratos vegetais obtidos das folhas e das cascas dessas espécies, correspondeu ao terceiro experimento, em que os extratos de pereiro revelaram os mais elevados índices de compostos secundários (alcalóides, esteróides, taninos, flavonóides e saponinas) seguidos de angico e oiticica e, no quarto experimento os extratos botânicos foram utilizados no controle deste inseto praga durante o armazenamento, onde constatou-se atividade inseticida no controle do Zabrotes subfasciatus, matando-os e/ou inibindo o seu desenvolvimento. No tratamento das sementes de feijão Phaseolus, a dose de 3 ml tbi a de melhor controle com melhor resultados para os extratos oiticica folha c pereiro casca. Os procedimentos adotados no tratamento das sementes com os extratos das espécies vegetais demonstraram eficiência na manutenção da viabilidade não afetando a germinação durante os 180 dias do armazenamento. / Among the pests that attack bean seeds during storage, we highlight the 'Zabrotes subfasciatus (bean weevil) by reducing the quality and nutritional value of seeds. lhe reduction of the quality of grains / seeds during storage is mainly associated with the degree of infestai ion and environmental conditions in which it is the mass of beans. Thus. we attempted to produce this work and assess the potential of plant extracts of Aspidosperma pyrifolium (pereiro), Anadenanthera colubrína (angico) and Licania rígida (oiticica) of Zabrotes subfasciatus in control and evaluate the physical and physiological quality of seeds Phaseolus beans treated with extracts obtained from leaves and bark of these species, 180 days packed in like pet under uncontrolled temperature and relative humidity. The study was conducted in four experimenls. where the first extracts werc produccd and performed the bioactivky of insecticide hydroalcoholic plant extracts and dry in the extract from the bark pereiro dose of 3 ml. was 100% effective in killing the Zabrotes subfasciatus and, in doses of 4 and 5 ml 100% mortaliiy are given for ali the extracts. In the second experiment we studied the rcpcllcncy / attractiveness and mortality of Zabrotes subfasciatus post by extracts of these plants and has been observed that the number of adult inseets repelled by the extracts was higher with post myrtle bark extract, followcd by the others (pereiro shcll angico bark, leaf and angico pereiro sheet) that are staiisticaily similar, and the fewer inseets gave repelled with myrtle leaf extract. but the contrary to the attractiveness. The bioassays for phytochemical screening of plant extracts obtained from leaves and bark of these species corresponded to the third experiment, in which extracts pereiro revcaled the highest leveis of secondary compounds (alkaioids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins) followed by mimosa and myrtle. and lhe fourth experiment, the botanical extracts were used to control this insect pest during storage, where it was found in control insccticidal activity of Zabrotes subfasciatus, killing them and / or inhibiting its development. In the treatment of seeds o f Phaseolus beans, the dose of 3 ml was the best results for better control extracts oiticica, pereiro sheet and the shell. The procedures used in seed treatment with the extracts of plant species were efficient in maintaining the viability did not affect germination during 180 days of storage.