The Emperor, The Army and The Coinage: Four Quantitative Studies examines two important and related questions by whose authority Roman imperial coinage was produced and who was responsible for the selection of coin types. When studying the question of authority, one must consider the coin types' audience and in particular the role of the army as the most likely recipient. In this context, four emperors (Hadrian, Pius, Vespasian and Severus) and their military coinage was studied in order to establish that military emperors produced military coinage while non-military emperors preferred to issue non-military coinage. This study supports several scholars' theories that the emperor played an important role in coin types' selection and that the army was an important recipient of that coinage.

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Abstract not available.

Thucydides' text reveals nine instances of $\sp{\sp,}\!\!\acute\epsilon\rho\omega\varsigma$ and closely related words. The lack of evidence to support the assumption that a sexual context must necessarily form the primary meaning of $\sp{\sp,}\!\!\acute\epsilon\rho\omega\varsigma$ in the fifth century scB.C. invites a closer examination. The first three instances in the History appear in conjunction with three Athenian leaders, who represent three very distinct stages in Athenian imperialism, namely Pericles, Cleon and Alcibiades. Throughout his treatments of these individuals, Thucydides highlights their interaction with the demos and underlines the process by which $\sp{\sp,}\!\!\acute\epsilon\rho\omega\varsigma$ ultimately subordinates reason: his portrayal of Pericles demonstrates the opposition between the rational $\gamma\nu\acute\omega\mu\eta$ and the irrational $\rm o\sp{\!\!\sp,}\rho\gamma\acute\eta,$ that of Cleon illustrates the process by which the Athenians turn from $\gamma\nu\acute\omega\mu\eta$ to $\rm o\sp{\!\!\sp,}\rho\gamma\acute\eta,$ and his treatment of Alcibiades underlines the dangers of such impulsive resolution. What was once $\tau\acute o\lambda\mu\alpha$ is rendered $\alpha\sp{\!\!\!\sp,}\lambda\acute o\gamma\iota\sigma\tau o\varsigma\ \tau\rm\acute o\lambda\mu\alpha.$

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-105). / This dissertation has three main aims: firstly, to establish and confirm Martial's status as a client; secondly, to confirm his reliability as an eyewitness in regard to the functioning of patronage in Roman society; and thirdly, to consider the intention behind the epigrams directed toward the emperor. This study hopes to show that, whilst allowing for the devices which are inherent to poetry, Martial's epigrams do have some merit as brief sketches of the complex social machinery of patronage. Additionally, it will be made evident that the many epigrams dealing with his working relationships with various patrons and benefactors offer ample evidence for the practical origins of his discontent with his own clientage. The essay is divided simply into three related components. Remaining largely in the theoretical realm, the first chapter explores the nebulous workings of patronage, as well as amicitia, a closely related concept. The discussion considers the ideals behind these complex concepts, and their practical functioning in Roman society. A clear understanding of both of these social phenomena is essential so as to lay the necessary groundwork for the more specific examinations of function. By contrast, the second chapter shifts the discussion into the application of such relationships in reality. Thus, the chapter begins by considering whether or not notions of patronage were even applicable to poets. In this section I uphold the argument that poets could in fact become clients, drawing evidence (with caution) from the Epigrams. The question is thus answered by looking at what Martial himself says about clientage and the necessary obligations involved. A contrast may be drawn between Martial's hopes and dreams for his own life, as opposed to the realistic prospects of a client in Rome. Additionally, while Martial has much to say about his own living conditions, any conclusions drawn from his comments must be tempered by considerations of intent. Having acquired an understanding of client life through Martial's eyes, the third chapter begins with an overview of the specific conditions of literary patronage during Domitian's reign. With the necessary framework in place, I consider the possible function of his epigrams in the context of his pursuit of imperial patronage. Some controversial interpretations of such poems see in them veiled and ambiguous references in regards to Domitian's legislation and his personal behaviour. Consequently, the epigrams concerned are analysed for their possible ironic content, and the implications thereof considered. Finally, some general conclusions are drawn regarding Martial's depiction of the "reality" of patronage, both under the emperor and in Roman society at large. For, it is evident that while his idyllic dream of a poet's life differs significantly from the reality of his life in Rome, his poetry offers an insight into the differing modes of communication between patron and client, and as such constitutes a valuable and under-rated resource for patronage studies.

Bibliography: pages 287-298. / This study explores the relationship between political developments and the keeping of public records at Rome during a crucial time of transition in the inter-connected fields of constitutional law, politics, and administrative practices. The political value of control over records is illustrated in the Struggle of the Orders and remained a dominant issue. That knowledge is power was a reality implicitly recognised in the aristocratic constitution of the Republic, geared as it was to maintain popular political ignorance generally and so to perpetuate the dominance of a particular minority class. Throughout Republican history the question of exposure or repression of such knowledge was grounded in the socio-political tensions of a class-struggle. Translated into the changed setting of the early Principate, the same awareness of the value of control over access to state knowledge is exhibited by the emperor. Particularly relevant was the Augustan ban on the publication of senatorial proceedings, since the relationship between senate and emperor was an area where the increasingly autocratic nature of the emperor's position was most difficult to disguise.

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