The Central and Southern Domains of the Koras Group, situated on the Doornberg Lineament, are the structurally preserved remnants of a once more widespread late-syntectonic cover sequence. Detailed examination of the field relationships, lithology and petrography together with new geochemical data (30 analyses) has resulted in the proposal of a new geological succession consisting mainly of two cycles of bimodal basaltic-rhyolitic volcanics with interbedded, immature conglomerates and lithic greywackes. These two cycles, named the Boomrivier and Leeudraai Formations, are overlain by the immature, polymictic orthoconglomerates and red arkosic sandstones of the Kalkpunt Formation. The first volcanic cycle commenced with the Lambrechtsdrif basaltic andesites and was followed, after a short hiatus, by the Swartkopsleegte rhyodacites. The second cycle comprises the Rouxville basalts and basaltic andesites and the Swartkop and Kenilworth rhyolites. Field evidence suggests that eruption of the rhyolitic and basaltic volcanics in the second cycle was contemporaneous. Geochemically, the volcanics can be classified as an "average-K" to high-K, tholeiitic, subalkaline association which exhibits general similarities to other Southern African bimodal associations e.g., the tholeiitic lavas of the Wilgenhoutsdrif Group. The Koras Group is petrologically similar to the Sinclair Sequence which is presently considered to be its coeval equivalent, but the dominantly calc-alkaline character of the Sinclair rocks distinguishes them from the dominantly tholeiitic Koras lavas. In a short literature review, the four main hypotheses for the petrogenesis of bimodal associations: liquid immiscibility, crystal fractionation, two-stage partial melting and separate magma sources, are described and the most feasible explanation for the origin of the Koras lavas is thought to be a "separate magma source" hypothesis in which two cycles of mantle-derived basalts and crustal-derived rhyolites were produced in a zone of high heat flow and erupted in an area of crustal weakness. The middle- or late-Proterozoic Koras Group was formed during unstable tectonic conditions, in a depositional setting that was probably controlled by late folding of the underlying pre-Koras sequences as well as the major strike-slip movement and subordinate dip-slip faulting in the Doornberg Lineament.

The Karoo basalt outliers between Molteno and Jamestown in the north-eastern Cape Province are associated with two central volcanic vent complexes, referred to in the text as the Brosterlea and the Modderfontein complexes. The basalts, particularly those associated with the Brosterlea complex, show geochemical variations throughout the sequence, a factor which has facilitated the subdivision of the Brosterlea basalts into a series of discrete units, each having its own chemical characteristics. Most of the basalt units at Brosterlea can be correlated with units identified in the Barkly East basalt suite. As is the case around Barkly East, the Brosterlea basalt units cannot be related to one another by any simple crystal fractionation or partial melting process, and the most feasible alternative explanation lies in the existence of inhomogeneities in the upper mantle at the time of generation of the magmas. New electron microprobe data are presented for the silicate phases in the Karoo basalts. Analyses of augites from a limited number of slides indicate that pyroxenes from different basalt units define different trends on the Ca - Mg - Fe triangular diagram. The plagioclases in the Brosterlea basalts are fairly Ca-rich (average 70% An), and the K-content of the plagioclases is shown to vary with the K-content of the parent basalt. A comparison of the Karoo Central Province with the younger Columbia River and Deccan Trap Provinces shows many similarities in the evolutionary history of the three provinces. The Karoo Province, however, is distinct from the other two provinces in some aspects of the geochemistry. Broadly speaking, the Karoo basalts are depleted in the incompatible elements relative to the Columbia River and Deccan basalts, and often enriched in the transition metals, most specifically Cr

The upcoming launch of the German hyperspectral satellite: Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) will provide potential for producing improved remotely sensed maps in areas of exposed bedrock in advance of Arctic geology programs. This study investigates the usefulness of this moderate resolution (30m) sensor for predictive lithological mapping using simulated imagery to classify a map area dominated by mafic and felsic volcanics and minor sedimentary and volcaniclastic rocks in the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt of the Northwest Territories. The assessment also included the classification of high resolution and fidelity airborne (ProSpecTIR–SPECIM Dual sensor) hyperspectral imagery for comparison to understand the impact of combined lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and spectral and spatial resolutions associated with EnMap. The performance of both sensors was assessed through statistical analysis of the classification results based on partial unmixing of the data as well as common geological band indices. The results obtained from these analyses were compared to a detailed published geological map of the study area. Both sensors, the airborne ProSpecTIR–SPECIM and spaceborne EnMap, provided good results however despite the simulated EnMap data’s lower resolution and SNR, the results showed it to have greater statistical accuracy and to be visually representative of the mapped geology. The results demonstrated that EnMap satellite hyperspectral technology is an effective tool for mapping lithology in the Canadian North. The discrimination of rock compositions was successful when their occurrences were spatially large and abundant; however, it was identified that spectral similarity between unit classes and spectral variability within classes are critical factors in mapping lithology. / Graduate

M.Ed. / The HIV and AIDS pandemic is changing the nature of the traditional family structure, particularly in South Africa, where the number of child-headed families is escalating and more teenagers are forced to head the home. These teenagers, are traumatised: many have suffered multiple losses (a father, mother, siblings), not to mention the possible additional losses of schooling, their hope for the future and their remaining childhoods. Hope is unlikely to emerge in teenagers left to fend for themselves and their siblings. Therefore, an approach that is both Afrocentric and ecosystemic needs to be adopted in building support structures to instil the possibility of hope in their lives. Hope, as a protective phenomenon, builds resiliency empowering teenagers heading a home to rise above their harsh circumstances. The purpose of this inquiry was to explore and describe the essence of hope in the lived experiences of teenagers heading an AIDS-orphaned home in order to make recommendations for support within the emerging inclusive educational system in South Africa. A qualitative study with a phenomenological research design was used with three teenagers from a Non-Governmental Organisation which assists child-headed households in Soweto, Gauteng. The participants were purposefully selected as hopeful — teenagers who had managed to stay in school, despite their circumstances, as a way of securing a brighter future. Data was collected through two in-depth interviews with the teenagers and included writing and drawing exercises. A story thickening the counterplot of hope in their lives, which are filled with the challenges of orphanhood, was written for each of the teenagers. The coconstructed stories were then used as data for analysis to write their descriptions of hope. Textual, structural and textual-structural descriptions of hope were written June 2008 based on the four processes of epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation and synthesis. The findings generated from their stories of hope indicate that the "hopeful self" is socially constructed evolving in the spaces between people and in the interaction iii of the person with his/her environment. Some of the findings suggest that hope emerges in the context of opportunities, support and education, and needs the African spirit of "ubuntu" to sustain it. School in particular, was seen as a way to future success. On the basis of these findings, a social constructionist model for nurturing the hopeful self was recommended to help professionals in their thinking and planning of psychological support programmes for all children and teenagers identified as vulnerable. The model embraces ecosystemic thinking and envisages the hopeful self as being nurtured in three nested domains of support: the emerging inclusive education system; a network of care under the facilitation of educational psychologists based in the District Based Support Teams; and a psychological support system that has not as yet been implemented in the care children orphaned by AIDS. Psychological support is seen as crucial to ensure the emotional well-being of teenagers at risk who who are faced with the reality of heading a home at such an early age as a result of the AIDS pandemic

From Summary: This is a geographical study of land use in the Eastern Cape Province. The land use pattern, although related closely to the features of the natural environment, is perhaps even more closely related to the spatial variations of the man-made environment, particularly to the disposition of the different racial groups with their different cultures and economies, and to the kaleidoscopic character of the settlement pattern.

An area of some 400 square miles between Hope, B.C. and the 49th parallel, covering part of the northern Cascades and southern Coast Mountains, was investigated with the purpose of determining the origin and history of the plutonic rocks. Five separate plutonic complexes, which range in age from Late Cretaceous to Miocene, underlie the area. The oldest complex investigated, the Late Cretaceous Spuzzum Intrusions (103-79 M.Y.) emplaced in the catazone-Mesozone, consists of two phases: diorite and tonalite. The older of the two, the diorite, is a zoned intrusion which occupies the central part of the batholith. Sheared sills and stocks belonging to the early Tertiary Yale Intrusions (59-35 M.Y.) comprise the second oldest complex. These bodies crop out in a narrow belt that separates high grade metamorphic rocks of the Custer-Skagit Gneiss from the low grade metamorphic rocks of the Hozameen Group. The Early Oligocene Silver Creek Stock (35 M.Y.) represents the oldest of three epizonal complexes. The epizonal Chilliwack Batholith (29-26 M.Y.) is composed of seven intrusive phases which range in composition from hypersthene-augite diorite to aplitic alaskite. Each of the phases of this batholith appears to have been emplaced in a pulse from an underlying, differentiating magma that was rising through the crust. The youngest complex, the Mount Barr Batholith (21-16 M.Y.) is composed of four intrusive phases, each of which appears also to nave been emplaced in a pulse from an underlying magma. One of the phases of this batholith is in the form of a 3000-foot-thick sill-like body. These three epizonal plutons appear to be related to the north-trending Cascade volcanic-plutonic province, which overlaps the northwest-trending Coast Crystalline Complex, here represented by the Spuzzum and Yale Intrusions. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar si existe relación entre las dimensiones de engagement y la esperanza en obreros de construcción de una empresa peruana. Los participantes fueron 195 obreros de construcción de género masculino. Los instrumentos empleados fueron la versión en castellano del Dispositional Hope Scale de Snyder (1991) y de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES 17) de Schaufeli y Bakker (2003). Se realizó el análisis factorial exploratorio, la prueba de normalidad y el análisis de correlación de Spearman. Como conclusión, existe una relación positiva y moderada entre esperanza y engagement, así como también entre estas variables y tiempo de permanencia. / The aim of the study is to determine if there’s a relationship between engagement and hope in construction workers of a peruvian company. The participants are 195 construction workers, all of them male. The instruments used were the Spanish version of Snyder's Dispositional Hope Scale (1991) and the Spanish version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES 17) by Schaufeli and Bakker. Exploratory factor analysis, normality test and Spearman’s correlation analysis were performed. The results show that there is a positive and moderate relationship between hope and engagement, and between this constructs and tenure. / Tesis

The principal objective of the present study was the testing of previous stratigraphic interpretations, particularly in respect of the Klipheuwel and Franschhoek formations, by means of attention to hitherto generally neglected structural or tectonic aspects of the pre-Cape rocks. In the Worcester area, it was found that the structural sequence across the so-called Malmesbury-Klipheuwel unconformity (de Villiers, Jansen and Mulder, 1964) is the reverse of that previously postulated, and the controversial correlation of the lower (previously upper) formation with the Klipheuwel Group cannot be maintained. The deformation of the pre-Cape formations is considered to have taken place in four stages or phases, labelled 0, M, X and K in sequence. The Early phases, 0 and M, are responsible for the broad stratigraphic pattern, while the Late phases, X and K, locally modify the earlier structures and have little or no effect on the distribution of rock types. An important tectonic discontinuity, or slide, apparently separates the upper formation from the two lower units, and close to the much younger Worcester Fault, a pre-Cape thrust has brought sheared and mylonitised granitic rocks to rest against the former. Structural relationships at Franschhoek are confusing, but in Kaaimansgat structures of Early and Late generations can be distinguished. In these southern areas the deformation of the rocks is again such that they clearly cannot be correlated with the Klipheuwel Group. However, their close association with older, sheared granitoid rocks and caraclasites - one of the main points upon which the Franschhoek-Klipheuwel correlation was based - is not in dispute. Although granite studies were not included in the scope of this work, one of the incidental results has been to widen the field of the older granite problem to include Kaaimansgat and Worcester as well as Franschhoek. The relationships of the pre-Cape formations treated in this work - called the Boland Group (after Rabie, 1948) - to the "Malmesbury" formations farther west is still problematical. The deformation of most of the pre-Cape formations in the Western Cape Province, Boland and "Malmesbury" alike, was apparently effected during a major orogenic event in upper Proterozoic - lower Paleozoic times. The term "Saldanian" is proposed as generally descriptive of this event and the structures which it has produced.

No description available.

This project describes and interprets the results from the Renbaan Cave excavation and situates the site in the context of contemporary Later Stone Age studies in the southwestern Cape. It is designed to complement the research of professor John Parkington. It is argued that settlement and subsistance patterns at Renbaan Cave reflect similar patterns to those noted at other small cave/shelter sites in the research area. The availability of radiocarbon dates however, forces us to reconsider and question our previous perception of the distribution and occupation of late Holocene sites in the southwestern Cape. Important behavioural information has been located in the analysis of the stone artefact assemblage and new avenues of enquiry are suggested.