The Land Bank's retail emerging markets (REM) funding model was established in 2011. The main objective of the following study was to investigate whether the collaborations between agricultural industry players involved in the funding model, had been beneficial towards supporting the growth of black emerging farmers. The two funding approaches taken being, direct lending to individual farmers and the wholesale financing facility aimed at farmer groups, are explored in detail. The method of analysis adopted was mixed, comprising of a qualitative and quantitative approach. The quantitative approach was directed at the entire REM loan book, to obtain a view of the growth of the book over time; the performance of the loans and the level of non-performing loans within the book. The results thereof would be of interest given that emerging farmers were perceived to be of a high risk. The qualitative approach delved deeper into the relationship between the Land Bank and intermediaries which were tasked to provide end-to-end business support to the emerging farmers. The expected results would include an observation of the development and social impact, including skills development for the emerging farmers. The questionnaire completed by a sample of black emerging farmers, working with intermediaries revealed a few positive factors. The emerging farmers not only received technical support, but also developed a range of skills which are suited to operating a successful farm and running a profitable business. Although affected by the drought, the farmers were able to generate a profit and also create employment in their communities, thereby making a contribution towards a social impact, through their development. However the farmers also spoke out about the challenges they still encountered in the industry. The quantitative analysis displayed that the portion of the REM loan book which consisted of non-performing loans was a small percentage, relative to the performance of the entire loan book. Furthermore, the REM loan book had increased sizeably since its inception, reaching out to a wider scope of emerging farmers. Overall, the Land Bank's REM funding model was a success.

This study examines the empirical relationship between monthly spot copper price movements and monthly Zambian Kwacha / US Dollar spot exchange rates, for the period January 2005 to February 2015. The ARDL bounds short-run estimate reveals there is both positive and negative coefficient interaction of copper price movements on the exchange rates in the short-run. However, the overall impact of copper prices on the exchange rate, is not significant in the short-run. The ARDL bounds test also confirms the presence of a long-run relationship between copper prices and the exchange rate. The coefficient estimates reveal that both the consumer price index and the terms-of-trade have a statistical weak impact on the exchange rate in both the short and long run. The study finds that Zambia's GDP has a negative impact on the exchange rate in the short-run, but has a statistically significant positive long-run effect. China's GDP, is used as a proxy to capture foreign demand for copper, it has both a positive and negative interaction on the exchange rate in the short-run and a negative effect in the long-run.

Foreign aid inflows have grown significantly in the post-war period. Many studies have tried to assess the effectiveness of aid. The role of foreign aid in promoting economic growth has been the subject of much debate among development specialists, researchers, aid donors as well as recipients in general and South Africa in particular. In spite of this, there are only few empirical studies that investigate the relationship between foreign aid and economic growth in South Africa. This study assesses whether there is any existent relationship between foreign aid and economic growth in South Africa using descriptive statistics for data that spans from 1994 to 2010. The result supports the view that there is strong, positive and significant relationship between foreign aid and economic growth in South Africa. This implies that foreign aid contributes to economic growth in South Africa.

Capital budgeting and spending in emerging countries remains a major challenge facing government. The Minister of Finance (South Africa) in 2011 and 2012 (Gordhan 2011 and 2012) has emphasised on the need to focus more on infrastructure spending and efficient use of financial resource allocations. The National Development Plan 2030, tabled by the Minister in the Presidency responsible for Planning Commission, emphasised on the critical role of the infrastructure to realise the country's economic growth. The SA Minister of Finance of has repeatedly mentioned that South Africa has enough financial resources but the challenge is on effective and efficient spending of the budget. This study evaluates spending capacity on infrastructure in KwaZulu-Natal which has emerged as a major challenge for the South African government. The bulk of the SA budget is allocated to the Department of Education and Health hence this study has focused on these two departments in delivering infrastructure. The study will broadly address factors and evaluate how capacity and planning have contributed to under-expenditure. The data to support this study will be extracted from the budget allocated in KwaZulu-Natal and expenditure levels of the province for the seven year period starting from 2004/05 financial year to 2010/11. The study concludes by proposing possible ways to improve planning capacity and ensure efficient and alignment in spending by different government departments.

Includes bibliographical references ( leaves 86-91). / This research considers the reasons for the position of African migrants with a tertiary education in menial jobs in Cape Town. Until recently, mainstream migration literature on South Africa has tended to universalise xenophobia and to treat migrants as innocent people for their situation. To what extent does xenophobia explain the position of skilled migrants in menial work in Cape Town bearing in mind that i) South Africa suffers a shortage of skills needed to spur economic growth and development, ii) xenophilia (love and support for foreigners) is part and parcel of the interactions between South Africans and foreigners? Using an in-depth, qualitative, face-to-face interview schedule instrument and a convenience sampling method to select twelve skilled migrants from five African countries, this research provides a 'thick' and comprehensive understanding of the reasons for the position of African skilled migrants in menial jobs in Cape Town. It establishes a system of antecedent and immediate reasons which explain this position. The antecedent reasons are deprivation in home countries, reliance on superficial information and/or emotions to find out about opportunities in South Africa, the imperative of survival, reliance on limited social capital to find jobs, limited English skills, low entry requirements characterising menial jobs, and the fact that the migrants saw menial jobs as a temporary measure and exploited this facet of such jobs. Immediate reasons consist of limited knowledge of Xhosa and Afrikaans languages, xenophobia, racism, and the temporary nature of asylum seeker permit identity document. This research challenges the sketchy finding of earlier studies which has implicitly suggested that xenophobia is omnipresent in South Africa. It throws doubt into the extent to which the Government and businesses are informed about and willing to tackle the skills shortage in this country. It shows that the value of education is not forgone even though highly educated migrants do menial jobs. Such migrants are likely to and do secure professional jobs in the long-term.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-93). / Traditional, information-giving approaches to HIV prevention have failed to curb the rapidly expanding HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa. Scholars and practitioners have looked to new interventions for HIV which centre upon structural changes, or the broader societal forces which shape HIV vulnerability. In recent years, Paulo Freire's notion of 'critical consciousness' has been cited as a way to involve communities in critical analysis and social change for HIV prevention. However, increasing calls for critical consciousness within HIV literature fail to recognise the complexities of integrating the notion at the ground-level. The Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equality (IMAGE) is a South African structural intervention for HIV which has been guided by critical consciousness. IMAGE aims to impact on poverty and gender-based violence by partnering a participatory gender curriculum with group-based microfinance. The research examines how IMAGE has translated the notion of critical consciousness into distinct processes, and evaluates the implementation of these processes by drawing from qualitative research with programme planners, facilitators and participants.

This study investigates the relationship between remittances and economic growth in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) from 1975 to 2013, where remittances are measured as a share of GDP and economic growth is measured by GDP per capita growth. Using multivariate linear regression analysis and the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) the researcher tested the hypothesis that remittances have a positive relationship on GDP per capita growth within CARICOM. Additionally, the ability of financial development to influence the relationship between remittances and GDP per capita growth was also tested. In this study financial development was measured using the proxy variables of quasi money, M2 and banking credit to the private sector. The relationship between remittances and economic growth has been shown to vary across countries and regions. In this study it was found that remittances as a share of GDP growth do not have an overall statistically significant influence on GDP per capita growth but do effect GDP per capita growth through their interactions with inflation and banking credit to the private sector.

Several studies have examined the relationship between trade liberalisation policies, economic growth and development. These existing studies have in many ways overlooked the role played by Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) since its inception as early as 2000. This study attempts to highlight and evaluate the role of AGOA within a South African economy context through the use of inductive quantitative research technique. The auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework was used in the bound testing cointegration process, which enabled the researcher to obtain the current impact on trade liberalisation and economic growth under AGOA in South Africa. Since the study used ARDL to test AGOA benefits in human capital, capital investment, unemployment rate and trade liberation means of finding interchanging of ideas between South Africa and United State of America and importantly the improved economic growth. The results showed no improvement in human capital, stagnant unemployment rate, no evidence of South Africa economy transformed into knowledge based economy; the transfer of investment in South Africa through AGOA legislation does not show an improving economy and this could be coursed by the tertiary sector growing faster relative to other sectors. The study concludes that the AGOA deals must at least ensure the USA firms are opening new branches in South Africa which will create new jobs and with the outcome of the production of goods and services which will directly increase the demand of highly skilled work force.

The adverse effects of climate change have had significant impacts on water resources, mostly in dry and semi-arid countries. Therefore, there is a need to provide more water infrastructure. Lack of adequate water infrastructures, most prevalent in the developing countries, negatively affects sufficient supply of clean drinking water and provision of basic sanitation. Infrastructure forms the basic medium for water generation, processing, transportation, and storage. Efforts to improve this in many developing countries have predominantly been the responsibility of the State. However, in recent years, Non-State Actors (NSA) have been increasingly involved in governance and financing of infrastructure projects in developing countries. To explore this further, the research investigated the roles and relationships between State and NSAs in the governance and financing of water infrastructure projects in Namibia. A mixed explorative qualitative and quantitative approach was adopted. It relied on a survey and a case study of State actors and NSAs involved in water infrastructure in Namibia. Data from both the structured infrastructure questionnaires and secondary data from document review (i.e. water-capital project reports) were extracted, classified, and evaluated using statistical analysis tools. Data pertinent to the research were extrapolated to support the analysis of water infrastructure funding and financing structures. This research examined the State of water-infrastructure development finance in Namibia, by analysing the participation of State and non-State actors in water infrastructure development and finance. There is a well-acclaimed global trend towards diminution of State control and management of public infrastructures. Non-State actors now play a more significant role. Importantly, by contrast, this study found a continued dominance of State in water infrastructure development in Namibia; the presence of NSAs in the water infrastructure space is very limited. A Public Private Partnerships Act would allow non-State actors to participate freely in public infrastructure development. The lack of such enabling legislation in Namibia has prevented financial and technical partnerships between the State and NSAs. This absence has kept potential NSAs almost out of the water-infrastructure development business to complement the State. This phenomenon further exacerbates the continued burden on State finance resources to cater for infrastructure development.

This study focuses on the Impact Investing industry in sub-Saharan Africa through a comparative analysis of three industry-leading institutions' term sheets. A key output of this exploratory research is the development of a best practices guide to social and environmental covenants (clauses included in the term sheet). The researcher has compiled primary data through practitioner interviews; secondary data was compiled by analysing executed legal documents and templates. The process was conducted with academic rigour in order to categorise and compare specific information. Preliminary research involved the researcher exchanging with a DFI and two commercial Impact Investors. The DFI provides both equity and debt, whereas one of the commercial Investors specialises in private equity and the other in private debt. The institutions are industry agnostic. The study has the objective to test two linked null hypotheses:  Impact Investors do not align their terms sheets to their values; and  Impact Investors do not require that certain clauses be systematically included in order to protect their interests Through case studies, the research initially develops on the key elements of an equity term sheet and provides a fictitious debt term sheet as a reference. Equity and debt legal documents are compared and analysed independently. After having isolated and analysed social and environmental covenants, the researcher concludes that neither hypothesis can be rejected. Further research is recommended limiting the scope to a specific industry or a specific asset class. Understanding and comparing Development Finance Institutions' methods would be of value. A quantitative analysis would isolate the success factors and appropriate constraints on the legal documentation in order to maximise financial and social and environmental returns.