The history of Chinese restaurants in the American West shows that Chinese food became a part of the social and cultural realities for Chinese people, especially in the earliest years, partly because regional food helped maintain regional language and dialect. Beyond that, it also demonstrates how restaurants--even more than other service industries such as laundries--provide a living context in which Chinese met non-Chinese, and where the non-Chinese could become acquainted with Chinese art, eating customs, regional cookery, embroidery, and even family life. In other words, the Chinese restaurant became in time a bridge between the two cultures, and has therefore had an important function in intercultural relations. Moreover, certain developments in Chinese restaurant customs are found only in the United States (soup served first instead of last; everyone receiving a fortune cookie rather than one person getting a sign of good fortune); this fact testifies to a cultural dynamism among the otherwise conservative Chinese workers who established themselves in a strange land far from home. An interpretation and "decoding" of these elements from the viewpoint of a contemporary "mainland" Chinese forms the central discussion of this thesis.

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PhD (Chemical Pathology),Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / Introduction: The data published by the Medical Research Council of South Africa demonstrated that cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus are the second and tenth leading causes of death in South Africa, respectively (Bradshaw et al.,2003). The prevalence of obesity is higher in the African than Indian population (Puoane et al., 2002), whereas cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes are more common in the latter population (Omar et al., 1994, Joffe et al., 1994). Diabetes and hypertension has been related with abdominal obesity in a number of studies conducted in the African and mixed-ancestry communities of the Western Cape (Steyn et al., 1996, Levitt et al., 1993). The reason for the high prevalence of obesity in the African population is not known however it is known that the aetiology of obesity involves both environmental and genetic factors (Grundy, 2004). Objective: The main aim of this project was to ascertain the role of metabolic, hormonal, anthropometric and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of obesity-related disorders in two South African ethnic groups namely Indian and African women. These populations were chosen because of the wide differences in risk factors for the development of CVD and diabetes reported in these groups. Subjects and methods: Plasma and serum samples were taken during a 5-hour OGTT from 20 lean, 20 obese, 20 obese type 2 diabetic patients, and 10 overweight women of African and Indian origin, i.e. 140 subjects in total. All participants were recruited from an urban population of women residing in the Greater Johannesburg area. Serum insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin and adipokines were measured using ELISA kits. Fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels were measured on the ROCHE MODULAR System. Insulin resistance was calculated using HOMA. Visceral and subcutaneous fat areas were measured using a 5-level CT-scan. Nutrient intake was assessed using a validated quantified food frequency questionnaire. Socio-economic status was estimated from the level of education and the number of selected household amenities. The data collected from the project was analysed by using SAS System for Windows Release 8.02 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA 1999-2001. V Results: Results from the study presented in the table below indicate that Indian females were more insulin resistant and had a worse atherogenic lipid profile than African females (statistically higher LDL and triglycerides levels). The greater visceral fat mass in the Indian subjects appears to be associated with triglycerides and correlated with insulin resistance (r=0.554, p<0.05). This effect was not observed in Africans. African females had a higher proportion of their energy intake as carbohydrates than Indians (49.3% and. 45.2%, respectively, p<0.05), whereas Indians had a higher proportion of their total energy intake as fat than Africans (34.0% and 29.9%, respectively, p<0.05). The level of educational attainment and possession of household amenities was lower in the African than Indian group, but this did not significantly influence any of the anthropometric variables. Conclusions: Visceral fat accumulation was greater in diabetic and lean Indian subjects than in diabetic and lean African groups, which may explain their higher risk for obesity-related disorders at lower BMI. Significantly higher HOMA levels in obese Indians and significantly lower proinsulin/insulin ratio in lean and obese Indian women compared to lean and obese African women suggests that lean and obese Indians have better beta-cell proinsulinprocessing efficiency than Africans, probably due to the higher secretory load imposed on beta cells by the higher level of insulin resistance in the Indian subjects. Triglycerides, one of the major components in the diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome, were significantly different in the obese group (higher in Indians) and this may lead to the higher prevalence of CVD in the Indian population. Interethnic differences for leptin levels were observed in the lean group of women with higher levels in the Indian subjects. When all non-diabetic subjects were combined serum leptin levels were significantly higher in Indian than African subjects. This is an intriguing result, since obesity is more common in the African than Indian populations of South Africa. Caloric intake was higher in lean African than Indian females. However, the hypothesis that lower leptin levels in lean African females may lead to higher dietary intake and thus an increased prevalence of obesity in this group must be evaluated in a longitudinal study of leptin levels and weight gain. The impact of lower socio-economic status in African than Indian population is not clear; however data from the literature does demonstrate a negative correlation of obesity prevalence with education and income

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