O receptor para Angiotensina II tipo 1 (AT1R) é expresso tanto em membrana apical quanto basolateral dos túbulos proximais renais. Embora haja evidências de diferenças funcionais entre receptores apicais e basolaterais, como, por exemplo, a dependência do processo de internalização de receptores apicais, mas não de basolaterais, para a efetivação dos efeitos fisiológicos da Angiotensina II, os mecanismos envolvidos na determinação dessas diferenças não são conhecidos. Alguns trabalhos já evidenciaram a importância da porção c-terminal do receptor AT1 na sua internalização. Desta forma, com o intuito de identificar proteínas de membrana que possam interagir com tal região, foi feita a clonagem do fragmento de DNA correspondente a esta no vetor pGEX-6P-2. O produto da transcrição e tradução do gene foi uma proteína de fusão (GST-AT1aR) que possui em torno de 35kDa, a qual foi imobilizada em resina de glutationa sefarose e incubada com proteínas de membranas totais de córtex renal de ratos (GST pull-down assay). As amostras foram submetidas à Eletroforese Bidimensional, onde identificamos seis spots correspondentes a proteínas que interagem especificamente com a proteína de fusão, mas não com GST. Estes spots foram recortados e analisados por espectrometria de massa. Cinco diferentes proteínas foram identificadas como provavelmente associadas ao receptor AT1aR: ATP sintase subunidade beta, ATP sintase subunidade alfa mitocondrial, GRP78 (heat shock protein de 78kDa regulada por glicose), HSC70 (heat shock protein de 71kDa) e dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPPIV). Experimentos subsequentes de GST pull-down e western blotting para as proteínas encontradas, confirmaram interação da cauda C-terminal do receptor com as proteínas ATP sintase subunidade beta, HSC70 (heat shock protein de 71kDa) e GRP78 (heat shock protein de 78kDa regulada por glicose). No entanto, nos estudos de co-imunoprecipitação foi possível confirmar apenas a interação com HSC70, um membro da família HPS70, uma heat shock protein. HSP são também chamadas de chaperonas por estarem envolvidas no dobramento correto de proteínas recém sintetizadas, no redobramento de proteína desnaturadas ou dobradas incorretamente e na degradação de proteínas com danos irreparáveis. No entanto, trabalhos recentes descrevem novos papéis para esta proteína, como a participação em processos de tráfego protéico entre compartimentos intracelulares, reciclagem de proteínas para a membrana plasmática e endocitose mediada por clatrina. Novos estudos serão necessários para se determinar a função fisiológica da interação de HSC70 com a cauda citoplasmática do receptor AT1 e ainda, se essa associação estaria envolvida nas diferenças funcionais observadas quando esse receptor é expresso em membrana apical ou basolateral / The angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) is expressed in both apical and basolateral membranes in the renal proximal tubules. Although there are evidences that they have functional differences, such as the dependence on internalization for apical, but not basolateral, receptors to trigger physiological effects of angiotensin II, the mechanisms of this peculiar behavior are not clear. The carboxy-terminal tail of the AT1 receptor was shown to be involved in its internalization. Thus, in order to identify possible AT1R c-terminal interacting proteins, we have inserted the cDNA coding the last 53 amino acids of the C-terminus into pGEX-6P-2 vector. The gene translation product was a fusion protein (GST-AT1aR) weighting approximately 35 kDa which was immobilized on Glutathione Sepharose resin and incubated with rat renal cortex total membrane proteins (GST pull-down assay). The samples were then subjected to two dimensional gel electrophoresis. We identified six protein spots that specifically interacted with GST-AT1aR. These spots were cut and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Five different proteins were identified as probably associated with AT1aR, ATP synthase beta subunit, ATP synthase alpha subunit, GRP78 (glucose regulated protein of 78kDa), HSC70 (Heat shock cognate 71kDa protein) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPPIV). The interaction with ATP synthase beta subunit, HSC70 and GRP78 was confirmed by GST pull-down and western blotting. However, immunoprecipitation of total protein of renal cortex followed by immunobloting only confirmed the interaction with HSC70. This protein is a member of the Heat Shock Proteins family HSP70 also called chaperones, because their involvement in correct folding of newly synthesized proteins, refolding of partially denatured or misfolded proteins, and in protein degradation of irreparably damaged proteins. Recent studies have described new roles for HSC70, such as the participation in protein trafficking between intracellular compartments, recycling of proteins to the plasma membrane and endocytosis mediated by clathrin. Further studies are necessary to determine the physiological role of this interaction and whether this association is involved in the functional differences observed regarding the activation of the receptor in apical or basolateral membranes

O receptor para Angiotensina II tipo 1 (AT1R) é expresso tanto em membrana apical quanto basolateral dos túbulos proximais renais. Embora haja evidências de diferenças funcionais entre receptores apicais e basolaterais, como, por exemplo, a dependência do processo de internalização de receptores apicais, mas não de basolaterais, para a efetivação dos efeitos fisiológicos da Angiotensina II, os mecanismos envolvidos na determinação dessas diferenças não são conhecidos. Alguns trabalhos já evidenciaram a importância da porção c-terminal do receptor AT1 na sua internalização. Desta forma, com o intuito de identificar proteínas de membrana que possam interagir com tal região, foi feita a clonagem do fragmento de DNA correspondente a esta no vetor pGEX-6P-2. O produto da transcrição e tradução do gene foi uma proteína de fusão (GST-AT1aR) que possui em torno de 35kDa, a qual foi imobilizada em resina de glutationa sefarose e incubada com proteínas de membranas totais de córtex renal de ratos (GST pull-down assay). As amostras foram submetidas à Eletroforese Bidimensional, onde identificamos seis spots correspondentes a proteínas que interagem especificamente com a proteína de fusão, mas não com GST. Estes spots foram recortados e analisados por espectrometria de massa. Cinco diferentes proteínas foram identificadas como provavelmente associadas ao receptor AT1aR: ATP sintase subunidade beta, ATP sintase subunidade alfa mitocondrial, GRP78 (heat shock protein de 78kDa regulada por glicose), HSC70 (heat shock protein de 71kDa) e dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPPIV). Experimentos subsequentes de GST pull-down e western blotting para as proteínas encontradas, confirmaram interação da cauda C-terminal do receptor com as proteínas ATP sintase subunidade beta, HSC70 (heat shock protein de 71kDa) e GRP78 (heat shock protein de 78kDa regulada por glicose). No entanto, nos estudos de co-imunoprecipitação foi possível confirmar apenas a interação com HSC70, um membro da família HPS70, uma heat shock protein. HSP são também chamadas de chaperonas por estarem envolvidas no dobramento correto de proteínas recém sintetizadas, no redobramento de proteína desnaturadas ou dobradas incorretamente e na degradação de proteínas com danos irreparáveis. No entanto, trabalhos recentes descrevem novos papéis para esta proteína, como a participação em processos de tráfego protéico entre compartimentos intracelulares, reciclagem de proteínas para a membrana plasmática e endocitose mediada por clatrina. Novos estudos serão necessários para se determinar a função fisiológica da interação de HSC70 com a cauda citoplasmática do receptor AT1 e ainda, se essa associação estaria envolvida nas diferenças funcionais observadas quando esse receptor é expresso em membrana apical ou basolateral / The angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) is expressed in both apical and basolateral membranes in the renal proximal tubules. Although there are evidences that they have functional differences, such as the dependence on internalization for apical, but not basolateral, receptors to trigger physiological effects of angiotensin II, the mechanisms of this peculiar behavior are not clear. The carboxy-terminal tail of the AT1 receptor was shown to be involved in its internalization. Thus, in order to identify possible AT1R c-terminal interacting proteins, we have inserted the cDNA coding the last 53 amino acids of the C-terminus into pGEX-6P-2 vector. The gene translation product was a fusion protein (GST-AT1aR) weighting approximately 35 kDa which was immobilized on Glutathione Sepharose resin and incubated with rat renal cortex total membrane proteins (GST pull-down assay). The samples were then subjected to two dimensional gel electrophoresis. We identified six protein spots that specifically interacted with GST-AT1aR. These spots were cut and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Five different proteins were identified as probably associated with AT1aR, ATP synthase beta subunit, ATP synthase alpha subunit, GRP78 (glucose regulated protein of 78kDa), HSC70 (Heat shock cognate 71kDa protein) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPPIV). The interaction with ATP synthase beta subunit, HSC70 and GRP78 was confirmed by GST pull-down and western blotting. However, immunoprecipitation of total protein of renal cortex followed by immunobloting only confirmed the interaction with HSC70. This protein is a member of the Heat Shock Proteins family HSP70 also called chaperones, because their involvement in correct folding of newly synthesized proteins, refolding of partially denatured or misfolded proteins, and in protein degradation of irreparably damaged proteins. Recent studies have described new roles for HSC70, such as the participation in protein trafficking between intracellular compartments, recycling of proteins to the plasma membrane and endocytosis mediated by clathrin. Further studies are necessary to determine the physiological role of this interaction and whether this association is involved in the functional differences observed regarding the activation of the receptor in apical or basolateral membranes

Stroke is a common, multifactorial cardiovascular disease. A stroke event is the result of traditional risk factors (i.e. hypertension, diabetes, smoking), environmental exposures and genetic factors in a complex interplay. The genetic contribution is, as estimated by studies on the influence of family history on the risk of stroke, limited on the individual level, and overridden by, for example the excess risk associated with smoking. On the population level, and as a means to better understand the etiology of stroke, genetics can play a major role. Northern Sweden is well suited for studying the genetic aspects of stroke. The population shows signs of founder effects, and is relatively homogeneous. Large-scale cardiovascular health surveys, the MONICA Project and the Västerbotten Intervention Program, allow studies on risk factors in relation to stroke. Two prospective nested case-referent study samples, (113 cases and 226 controls; 275 cases and 549 controls), and a set of 56 families (117 affected) were collected for functional candidate gene association, and linkage, studies. The selected candidate genes included haemostatic factors and genes within the renin angiotensin system (RAS). Functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence the levels of PAI-1 (PAI-1 4G/5G), and tPA (tPA -7,351C>T), have been identified. The angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism (ACE I/D) has been shown to be associated with ischaemic stroke. The angiotensin II receptor type 1 A1166C polymorphism (AT1R A1166C), less extensively studied, has been suggested to be associated with stroke, and to interact with the ACE I/D. We found that the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype was associated with an increased risk of future ischaemic stroke (OR 1.79, 95%CI 1.01-3.19), and this was replicated in a second study sample. Furthermore, levels of serum triglycerides modulated the effect of the genotype. In the study on tPA, no association between the tPA -7,351C>T polymorphism and the risk of stroke was found in an analysis of the two study samples pooled. The two RAS polymorphisms were prospectively associated with ischaemic stroke independently of each other and other risk factors (OR 1.60, p=0.02 and OR 1.60, p=0.04, respectively). A candidate region linkage study, focusing on a previously reported stroke susceptibility locus on chromosome 5, was performed in a set of families. In addition, association between ischemic stroke and the positional candidate gene phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) was tested. Linkage to 5q12 was replicated in this independent population, but not PDE4D association with stroke. This suggests that alternative genotypes in this stroke susceptibility locus contribute in different populations. In conclusion, the genetic component in the causation of stroke was investigated. The results of the functional candidate gene association studies showed (1) interaction between PAI-1 genotype and a putatively modifiable risk factor, triglycerides, (2) a prospective testing of the tPA SNP with no association detected, and (3) a novel, hypothesis-generating, finding in the case of AT1R polymorphism and the risk of ischaemic stroke. The replication of linkage to chromosome 5q12 in our northern Swedish population was interesting, and it will be further explored.