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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Operation of IR-UWB WBAN antennas close to human tissues

Tuovinen, T. (Tommi) 21 October 2014 (has links)
Abstract In this dissertation, the operation of planar impulse radio (IR) ultra wideband (UWB) antennas is examined for use in wireless body area networks (WBANs). The objective of the thesis is to consider electromagnetic phenomena due to coupling between an antenna and human body tissues and to analyse the challenges of wideband radiators. The aim is to understand the fundamental behaviour of an antenna in a WBAN, focusing on off-body and on-body communications. The thesis premises follow the international WBAN standard 802.15.6-2012 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) and the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) UWB regulations (3.1–10.6 GHz). In the examinations, the frequency-dependent modelling of human tissues is considered. The impact of the variation of tissue layer thickness on the performance of an antenna is depicted. The demonstration of the impact of antenna input power is given in terms of generation of heat in tissues and specific absorption rate (SAR). In order to theoretically contemplate the effect of reflections due to tissues on antenna patterns, the opportunities to influence polarization with an artificially anisotropic substrate are derived. With the proposed method, not earlier proposed for WBAN antennas, the smooth patterns without pattern minima can be achieved over the FCC UWB bandwidth. In addition, a theoretical two-path model is applied to the estimation of the antenna pattern shape close to tissues. Various antenna parameters are explored as a function of the use distance to tissue surface to demonstrate the behaviour in the vicinity of a body. The size of the reactive near-field is an important factor for the evaluation of satisfactory on-body performance. The proportions of absorption, mismatch and body losses are analysed close to a body. The connection between the complex input impedance and the dimensions of planar antennas is analysed by using lumped-element equivalent circuits. The impact of the actual width and length of the radiator on the impedance behaviour is presented for the first time. In addition, impedance is analysed in terms of capacitance, inductance and resistance within the reactive near-field for the first time. In order to understand the impact of tissues close to the antenna, the parasitic components for the stages in equivalents are proposed. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan laajakaistaisten impulssiradioantennien (IR-UWB) toimintaa langattomissa kehoverkoissa (WBAN). Työn tavoitteena on tarkastella antennin ja ihmiskudoksen kytkeytymisestä johtuvia sähkömagneettisia ilmiöitä ja analysoida laajakaistaisen säteilijän haasteet. Päämääränä on ymmärtää antennin suorituskyky kontekstissa ja kohdeympäristöksi on fokusoitu toiminta kehon pinnalla (on-body) ja keholta poispäin seuraavaan liityntäpisteeseen (off-body). Tutkimustyö pohjautuu IEEE802.15.6-2012-standardiin sekä FCC:n UWB -säännöksiin. Väitöstyössä tarkastellaan taajuusriippuvan ihmiskudoksen mallintamista. Ihmiskudoskerrosten paksuuden vaikutusta antennin suorituskykyyn tutkitaan simuloimalla. Lisäksi tarkastellaan antennin syöttötehon vaikutusta kudoksen lämpiämisen ja tehon absorboitumisen näkökulmasta. Kehon aiheuttamien heijastusten vaikutusta säteilykuvioihin tarkastellaan teoreettisesti ja lisäksi esitetään menetelmä vaikuttaa antennin summapolarisaation kautta säteilykuvion muotoon keinotekoisella epäisotrooppisella substraatilla. Ehdotetulla menetelmällä, mitä ei ole aiemmin kirjallisuudessa esitetty kehoantenneille, voidaan minimoida nollakohtia ja saavuttaa tasainen säteilykuvio FCC UWB -taajuuskaistan yli. Kaksitie-mallia sovelletaan säteilykuvion muodon ennustamiseen kehon läheisyydessä. Useita antenniparametreja havainnollistetaan antennin käyttöetäisyyden funktiona ihmiskudoksesta. Antennin reaktiivisen lähikentän koko on tärkeä tekijä kehoantennille riittävän suorituskyvyn saavuttamiseksi. Absorptio-, epäsovitus- ja kehohäviöiden osuudet edelleen eritellään ja analysoidaan työssä. Työssä tutkitaan kompleksisen syöttöimpedanssin ja antennin fyysisten mittojen yhteyttä hyödyntämällä erilliskomponenteilla muodostettuja vastinpiirejä. Ensimmäistä kertaa antennin käytännön leveyden ja pituuden muutos esitetään suhteessa impedanssikäyttäytymiseen. Impedanssin muutos analysoidaan kapasitanssin, induktanssin ja resistanssin funktiona antennin reaktiivisen lähikentän alueella. Jotta kudoksen vaikutus antennin läheisyydessä voitaan ottaa suunnittelussa huomioon, työssä esitetään tarvittavat parasiittiset komponentit vastinkytkentöjen sarja- ja rinnanasteisiin.
2

An?lise de antenas de microfita com patches circulares sobre substratos anisotr?picos usando o m?todo dos potenciais de Hertz

Feitoza, Giordano Miranda 31 March 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GiordanoMF.pdf: 774778 bytes, checksum: b977df28e6c6f90822e09729743a9dc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work consists on the theoretical and numerical analysis of some properties of circular microstrip patch antennas on isotropic and uniaxial anisotropic substrates. For this purpose, a full wave analysis is performed, using Hertz Vector Potentials method in the Hankel Transform domain. In the numerical analysis, the moment method is also used in order to determine some characteristics of the antenna, such as: resonant frequency and radiation pattern. The definition of Hertz potentials in the Hankel domain is used in association with Maxwell?s equations and the boundary conditions of the structures to obtain the Green?s functions, relating the components of the current density on the patch and the tangential electric field components. Then, the Galerkin method is used to generate a matrix equation whose nontrivial solution is the complex resonant frequency of the structure. In the analysis, a microstrip antenna with only one isotropic dielectric layer is initially considered. For this structure, the effect of using superconductor patches is also analyzed. An analysis of a circular microstrip antenna on an uniaxial anisotropic dielectric layer is performed, using the Hertz vector potentials oriented along the optical axis of the material, that is perpendicular to the microstrip ground plane. Afterwards, the circular microstrip antenna using two uniaxial anisotropic dielectric layers is investigated, considering the particular case in which the inferior layer is filled by air. In this study, numerical results for resonant frequency and radiation pattern for circular microstrip antennas on isotropic and uniaxial anisotropic substrates are presented and compared with measured and calculated results found in the literature / Este trabalho consiste na an?lise te?rica e num?rica das caracter?sticas de uma antena de microfita com patch circular, cujo substrato ? composto por materiais diel?tricos isotr?picos e anisotr?picos uniaxiais. Para isto, uma an?lise de onda completa ? realizada, utilizando-se o M?todo dos Potenciais Vetoriais de Hertz no dom?nio da transformada de Hankel. Na an?lise num?rica da estrutura, ? utilizado tamb?m o M?todo de Galerkin, como um caso particular do M?todo dos Momentos, visando a determina??o de suas caracter?sticas, tais como a freq??ncia de resson?ncia e o diagrama de radia??o. A defini??o dos potenciais vetoriais de Hertz, em conjunto com as equa??es de Maxwell e as condi??es de contorno da estrutura, permite a obten??o das fun??es di?dicas de Green, relacionando as componentes da densidade de corrente no patch com as componentes tangenciais do campo el?trico. O M?todo de Galerkin ? ent?o usado para gerar a equa??o matricial, cuja solu??o n?o trivial permite a obten??o da freq??ncia de resson?ncia complexa da estrutura. Na an?lise, s?o consideradas, inicialmente, antenas de microfita com uma camada diel?trica isotr?pica separando o patch e o plano de terra, sendo analisado ainda para esta estrutura, o caso no qual o patch ? composto por um material supercondutor. Em seguida, ? considerado tamb?m o caso no qual o substrato diel?trico ? composto por um material anisotr?pico uniaxial, orientando os potenciais vetoriais na dire??o do eixo ?ptico, que ? tomado na dire??o perpendicular ao plano de terra. ? feita ainda a an?lise da antena de microfita com patch circular situado sobre duas camadas diel?tricas anisotr?picas uniaxiais, considerando o caso particular do patch suspenso, no qual a camada inferior ? composta pelo ar. S?o apresentados resultados da freq??ncia de resson?ncia e do diagrama de radia??o para patches circulares isotr?picos e anisotr?picos, fazendo-se compara??es com outros resultados obtidos na literatura

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