A cross-sectional growth study was designed to obtain information on the growth patterns of British Columbian Native Indian children. The object of the study was to establish whether growth patterns of B.C. Native Indian children living in student residences correspond to those of non-Indian reference children. The study sample consisted of all children 6 to 17 years attending the six student residences administered by the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. The total sample size was 734 children, representing 77 reserves in the province. Standing height, sitting height, weight, arm circumference, four skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, biceps and suprailiac), and head circumference were measured according to the recommendations of the International Biological Program (Weiner and Lourie, 1969). Arm muscle diameter, circumference and area were derived according to the method of Frisancho (1974). Individual findings were plotted, as scatter diagrams against standard reference curves, data for which was obtained from Caucasian children. Results indicate a considerable growth deficit in standing and sitting height in younger children which appears to be somewhat corrected by adolescence. Weight measurements, although falling predominantly below the Iowa mean, generally reflect adequate gain with age. Arm measurements indicate well maintained musculature throughout the age-range studied, with relatively low degrees of triceps adipose tissue. Head circumference displays an initial deficit in younger children which is largely corrected by adolwscence. It was concluded that protein nutritional status of B.C. Native Indian children living in student residences may be relatively better than calorie nutritional status. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

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Cranial base flexion has been used extensively as a baseline or standard from which to interpret differences in craniofacial growth and morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 414 adults representing seven samples from around the world were compared for variation in cranial base and facial morphology. The samples represent Australian Aboriginal, New Zealand Maori ( Polynesian ), Thai, Chinese, white American, African Sotho / Xhosa / Zulu and African Khoi / San populations. Seven angles of cranial base flexion, five craniofacial angles and nine cranial base and facial dimensions were measured on tracings of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Numerous significant correlations were found between cranial base flexion angles, craniofacial angles and dimensions of the cranial base and craniofacial skeleton. A positive correlation was found between the orientation of the foramen magnum, clivus and the anterior cranial base, with a negative correlation between these angles and the orientation of the hard palate. There was also a parallel relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and the anterior cranial base ( measured from pituitary point to nasion ). Cranial base flexion, craniofacial angles and dimensions differed significantly between some samples. Despite this, there was no evidence of distinct facial types between samples. Multivariate statistics revealed some discrimination between some samples for dimensions ; however, if angles were used alone, less than 50 % of individuals could be correctly assigned to their sample of origin. Most of the variation could be attributed to variation between individuals, rather than variation between samples. The range of variation in cranial base flexion is considerable, and needs to be taken into account when comparing samples. Flexion of the cranial base is generally insufficient to distinguish people from different geographic samples. The functional and evolutionary significance of the relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and cranial base flexion is discussed for its potential usefulness as a reference line for interpreting craniofacial morphology. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical School and Dental School, 2005.

The goal of this study is to create a method for designers to reconcile the critical functional and aesthetic requirements in chair design. This paper presents a brief history of the design of chairs, an overview of historical types of proportional systems, a discussion of anthropometry and the technical requirements of chair design. The body of the study involves the affects of the application of anthropometric measurement to the proportions of two Modernist chairs; the Zig Zag chair by Gerrit Reitveld and the Grand Confort or LC2 chair by Le Corbusier, Perriand and Jeanneret. Changes to the proportions of the chairs will be proposed in an attempt to fit a variety of people, including outliers in the population. The findings of the study indicate that the chairs resulting from the anthropometric changes are not considered beautiful or well proportioned when they contradict the structural logic of the original design. By determining a hierarchy of functional requirements and understanding the anthropometric values associated with it, a designer can develop the products aesthetics and test them during the design process using this method.

The prevalence of obesity has made it necessary to develop a convenient, reliable and safe tool for timely assessing and monitoring this condition in public health. We suggest that three-dimensional (3D) anthropometry can provide a convenient, accommodating and comprehensive means to body composition assessment. A 3D anthropometry system based on stereo vision technology is developed. To make it more portable and affordable, the system is reduced to a two-stance design and only uses off-the-shelf components. The system is calibrated in two separate stages: camera calibration and 3D registration. The first stage is relatively complicated, but there is no need to repeat frequently. Therefore, only 3D registration is required when the system is transported. This property contributes to the portability and also reduces cost of maintenance. In this system, image acquisition can be completed in 200 ms, which is important in reducing artifacts caused by slight body movement. However, the computation in stereo vision is complex and intensive, and is still a challenge. A two-phase stereo matching algorithm is developed. In the first phase, the foreground is accurately segmented with the help of a predefined virtual interface, and a coarse disparity map is generated with block matching. In the second phase, local least squares matching is performed in combination with global optimization within a regularization framework, so as to ensure both accuracy and reliability. To make the 3D data more interpretable and manageable, it is essential to convert the raw 3D data to a surface model. For our system, a unique challenge is that there are large gaps in the data caused by occlusions. An effective surface reconstruction algorithm based on subdivision surface representation is developed. It has been verified that the algorithm is reliable in gap closing, accurate in representation, and efficient in data compression. To make the 3D anthropometry system ready for practical use, a body measurement system dedicated to body composition assessment is developed based on an earlier system that was designed for applications in apparel fitting. The functions of 3D measurement are enhanced by taking advantage of modern graphics hardware. The overall performance of the presented system has been evaluated on mannequins and human subjects. It has been shown that the measurements are highly repeatable. The feasibility of 3D anthropometry in body fat assessment has been demonstrated in comparison to air displacement plethysmography and bioimpedance analysis. / text

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