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La surabondance de cervidés représente une nouvelle perturbation des écosystèmes forestiers qui interagit avec les perturbations préexistantes des forêts naturelles. Les interactions entre de multiples perturbations peuvent altérer les mécanismes de résilience des forêts et engendrer de nouvelles trajectoires successionnelles menant à des assemblages d’espèces n’ayant jamais coexisté historiquement. L’occurrence de tels nouveaux écosystèmes soulèverait des enjeux de conservation de la biodiversité et de maintien des services écosystémiques fournis par la forêt naturelle (c.-à-d. préindustrielle). Il devient donc important d’identifier d’éventuels mécanismes de perte de résilience qui pourraient empêcher la forêt naturelle de récupérer des interactions entre les perturbations préexistantes et celles occasionnées par les cervidés. L’île d’Anticosti qui abrite des cerfs de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) surabondant, donne l’occasion d’identifier de tels mécanismes. L’identification de mécanismes de perte de résilience nécessite d’abord de reconstituer la variabilité naturelle que la forêt préindustrielle devrait retrouver après perturbation, et de comprendre sa dynamique des perturbations naturelles. Le paysage naturel de l’île d’Anticosti était caractérisé par une matrice de sapinières surannées principalement dynamisées par des petites trouées et où les perturbations sévères générant de nouveaux peuplements ont été rares au cours des derniers ~160 ans. Le broutement préférentiel de la régénération par les cerfs a interrompu les processus de régénération des trouées des sapinières surannées de l’île d’Anticosti. La perte de ce mécanisme de résilience a engendré la dégradation du couvert et de nouvelles trajectoires successionnelles menant à des pessières blanches et des forêts-parcs d’épinettes blanches. La coupe totale historique (1910-1915) des sapinières surannées a formé des pessières blanches de seconde venue maintenant matures. Nous avons démontré que l’interaction entre le broutement préférentiel de la régénération par le cerf et la coupe totale de ces pessières blanches altère les processus de régénération des forêts et engendre une trajectoire successionnelle menant à la formation de forêts-parcs d’épinettes blanches. Un plan d’aménagement vise actuellement la restauration de l’habitat du cerf sur l’île (c.-à-d. les sapinières). Lors d’une éventuelle révision de ce plan, les aménagistes devraient considérer trois enjeux importants de l’aménagement écosystémique, soit le maintien de sapinières surannées, l’occurrence de pessières blanches en tant que nouvel écosystème et le maintien de l’état forestier. / Overabundance of cervids represents a new disturbance of forest ecosystems which interacts with preexisting disturbances of natural forests. Interactions between multiple disturbances can alter resilience mechanisms, thereby triggering alternative successional pathways that move the system toward assemblages of species that have not co-occurred historically. The occurrence of such novel ecosystems would raise issues concerning conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are provided by natural (i.e., preindustrial) forests. Hence, it is important to identify eventual mechanisms of resilience loss which could prevent natural forests recovery from interactions between pre-existing disturbances and disturbances caused by cervids. Anticosti Island which shelters overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), provides an opportunity to identify such mechanisms. To identify mechanisms of resilience loss, it was first necessary to describe the variability which the natural forest should recover after disturbances and to understand its disturbance dynamics. The natural landscape of Anticosti Island was characterized by a forest matrix of overmature gap-driven balsam fir stands in which severe stand-initiating disturbances were rare over the last ~160 years. Preferential browsing by deer has disrupted regeneration processes of gap-driven balsam fir stands on Anticosti Island. The loss of this resilience mechanism triggered forest degradation and alternative successional pathways toward white spruce stands and parklands. The historic clear-cutting (1910-1915) of overmature balsam fir stands has formed mature second-growth white spruce stands. We have shown that interactions between preferential deer browsing and clear-cutting of these white spruce stands have altered regeneration processes and triggered an alternative successional pathway toward the formation of parklands. A management plan aims to restore deer habitat on the island (i.e., balsam fir stands). In the eventual revision of this plan, managers should consider three important ecosystem management issues: the maintenance of overmature balsam fir stands, the occurrence of white spruce stands as a novel ecosystem, and the maintenance of the forest state.

La régénération artificielle peut être complexifiée par la persistence de la perturbation à l’origine de la régénération naturelle comme l’herbivorisme chronique. Dans ce cas, la stratégie doit intégrer le contrôle par les herbivores (top-down) sur les arbres de plantations au contrôle par la compétition pour les resources (bottom-up). Nous tentons de déterminer si la sélection de tailles de plants de sapin baumier (Abies balsamea, 110 cm³, 200 cm³ ou 350 cm³) et la préparation de terrain peuvent être combinées à l’aménagement des populations cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) pour minimiser la compétition locale, de même que le broutement sur les plants. Bien qu’il soit trop tôt pour statuer sur l’effet de la préparation de terrain sur la disponibilité des ressources, nous concluons que le choix d’un type de plant adapté peut minimiser le coût du processus de restoration suivant la reduction de la population d’herbivores. / Using planted trees for regeneration can be challenging when the stand replacing disturbance –for example chronic herbivorism- is still effective. In such cases, plantation strategies must integrate management of the top-down pressure by consumers to the bottom-up control related to competition for resources. We explore whether selection of competition-adapted balsam fir (Abies balsamea) seedling stock types (110 cm³, 200 cm³ or 350 cm³) and field preparation could be used together with the management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in order to lower the effect of local competition as well as minimizing browsing on seedlings. Even though it is too early to conclude on the effect of field preparation on the competition for ressources, we conclude that choosing a size-adapted stock can optimize the cost of the restoration scheme following herbivore population reduction.

Une augmentation considérable de l’abondance des grands herbivores a des répercussions majeures sur la composition, la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers ce qui peut entraîner des échecs de régénération chez de nombreuses espèces d'arbres. Cependant, la réduction de l’abondance des herbivores ne garantit pas le rétablissement d'espèces sensibles au broutement. Dans un tel contexte, la plantation d’arbres peut être utilisée afin de restaurer le couvert forestier. Le succès des plantations avec des espèces d’origines vulnérables au broutement est potentiellement contraint à la fois par le broutement résiduel et la compétition pour les ressources par la régénération naturelle d’autres espèces. Notre objectif principal était d'évaluer les relations directes et indirectes entre le broutement par le cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus; Zimm.) et les changements dans la compétition sur la performance du sapin baumier en plantation dans un contexte de réduction de la densité des grands herbivores. À l'aide d'une expérience contrôlée, nous avons démontré que le cerf de Virginie induit simultanément un effet direct négatif par le broutement des flèches apicales et un effet indirect positif sur les plants en diminuant la compétition pour la lumière induite par les espèces compagnes. Les effets directs négatifs, cependant, l'emportent sur les avantages d'une disponibilité accrue en lumière. Contrairement à nos prédictions, la préparation de terrain et le dégagement mécanique n’ont pas eu d’effets positifs sur la performance et la survie des plants et n’ont pas diminué de manière significative la compétition pour les ressources à moyen terme. Nous proposons de poursuivre les recherches afin de cibler une densité de cerfs qui maximise les effets positifs du broutement tout en minimisant les effets négatifs et que, dans ce contexte, la prescription pour la préparation du terrain et le dégagement mécanique devrait reposer sur d'autres considérations que la promotion de la croissance des plants. / High abundance of large herbivores has major impacts on the composition, structure and functioning of forest ecosystems, which can result in regeneration failures of many tree species. Reduction of the large herbivore, however, does not warrant successful recovery of species sensitive to browsing. In such contexts, planting in combination with silvicultural treatments can be used to restore forest cover over large areas. Our main objective was to evaluate the direct and indirect relationships between white-tailed deer browsing, changes in biotic and abiotic factors induced by site preparation and mechanical release at the tree level on survival and performance of planted balsam fir under reduced deer density. Using a controlled experiment, we demonstrated that white-tailed deer induces both a direct negative effect by browsing on apical shoots of fir, and a positive indirect effect on planted seedlings by decreasing competition for light from palatable species. The magnitude of direct negative effects, however, outweighs the benefits of increased light availability. Contrary to predictions, site preparation as well as mechanical release did not have a positive effect on seedling performance and survival and did not significantly reduce competition for resources. We propose to continue research to find a target deer density that maximizes positive effects of browsing and minimize its negative effects. In this context, prescription for site preparation and mechanical release should be based on considerations other than promoting seedlings growth.

Les cerfs de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) utilisent abondamment les tourbières sur l’île d’Anticosti. En effet, dans un contexte de densité élevée et d’absence de prédateurs, les tourbières représentent des aires d’alimentation alternatives. Or, cette utilisation peut entraîner des changements dans leurs communautés floristiques en raison du broutement sélectif et du piétinement. Ce projet vise à déterminer les effets du retrait du cerf sur les communautés végétales de différents types de tourbières : 1) ombrotrophes (bogs) et 2) minérotrophes (fens ouverts et arbustifs) ainsi que 3) leurs bordures (laggs). Un dispositif comprenant 53 exclos appariés à une parcelle avec cerfs a été mis en place en 2007 et a été suivi quatre fois sur huit ans par des inventaires floristiques. Ce suivi a d’abord permis de caractériser la flore des tourbières après l’exclusion des cerfs, d’analyser le rétablissement dans le temps des communautés végétales des différents types de tourbières après l’exclusion des cerfs puis de comparer les réponses à l’exclusion selon la productivité des sites. Les résultats ont montré que les laggs étaient des habitats riches en espèces qui possédaient une flore unique. Dans les laggs et les fens arbustifs, la composition végétale des exclos s’est différenciée de celle des parcelles avec cerfs au fil des années, favorisant certaines espèces broutées par le cerf, notamment Sanguisorba canadensis et Betula pumila tandis que des espèces tolérantes au broutement comme Trichophorum cespitosum et Dasiphora fruticosa ont bénéficié de la présence des cerfs. La diversité bêta était plus élevée dans les exclos que dans les parcelles soumises au broutement dans les tourbières à pH élevé, suggérant que les cerfs mènent à l’homogénéisation dans les tourbières les plus productives. Les plans de conservation de la diversité végétale des tourbières de l’île d’Anticosti devront tenir compte que la réponse de la végétation à l’arrêt du broutement par les cerfs varie selon le type d’habitats et selon la productivité. / White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are regular users of peatlands on Anticosti Island. In a context of high density of herbivores and absence of predators, peatlands may become new feeding areas. Intensive use of peatlands by deer may lead to changes in these plant communities by trampling and selective browsing. This project aims to determine the impacts over several years of deer browsing on plant communities in peatlands by comparing different types of peatlands: ombrotrophic (bogs) and minerotrophic (open and shrub fens) and their edges (laggs). A total of 53 exclosures paired with a browsed plot were installed in 2007 and surveyed four times over eight years by floristic surveys. This survey describes the flora of the island’s peatlands after deer exclusion. It also assesses the recovery over time of peatland vegetation communities after deer exclusion and compares the responses among habitat type and site productivity. Results showed that laggs are species rich habitats with a unique flora. In laggs and shrub fens, vegetation composition of exclosures changed over time compared to browsed plots, promoting growth of palatable species such as Sanguisorba canadensis and Betula pumila, while deer-tolerant species like Trichophorum cespitosum and Dasiphora fruticosa benefited from browsing. Beta diversity was higher in exclosures than in browsed plots for peatlands with high pH, which suggests that deer browsing leads to biotic homogenization of more productive peatlands. Conservation plans targeting plant diversity in peatlands of Anticosti Island should consider that vegetation response varies according to habitat type and site productivity.

The upper Llandovery succession across the Jupiter-Chicotte formational contact on Anticosti Island, Québec, allows us to study the sediment dynamics and stratigraphic architecture of a storm-dominated, carbonate ramp. The Anticosti paleotropical ramp was slowly subsiding and recording significant changes in sea level in a far field glacial setting during the early Telychian. Three facies associations, grouping nine facies, are recognized along the E-W outcrop belt, and from top to bottom as the: (FA-1) encrinitic carbonate facies, (FA-2) mixed siliciclastic and carbonate facies, and (FA-3) non-encrinitic carbonate facies. These mid to outer ramp sediments represent deposition mostly from episodic, high-energy storm events as evidenced by hummocky cross-stratification, large wave ripples, gutter casts, and wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flow deposits. Spatial and temporal changes in siliciclastic content imply basin margin depositional environments in the eastern sections and change in climate regime from arid to humid conditions. The Chicotte deposition marks a major faunal change with the domination of crinoids triggered by increasing siliciclastic supply, rapid sea level fluctuations and change in substrates. The recognition of one major transgressive-regressive (TR) sequence subdivided in distinct meter-scale cycles allows a high resolution E-W correlation. The development of the TR sequence and meter-scale cycles is driven by glacio-eustacy where the main sequence is 4th order (~400 Ky) with superimposed meter-scale cycles that are 5th and/or 6th order (~100 Ky). Nevertheless, erosional capping surfaces within the more proximal tempestites represent ancient rocky shorelines that developed during forced sea level falls. In order to explain this stratigraphic architecture, a carbonate open-ramp model is proposed with a concave-up profile and a narrow and steep inner ramp in equilibrium with a high-energy coastline.

The upper Llandovery succession across the Jupiter-Chicotte formational contact on Anticosti Island, Québec, allows us to study the sediment dynamics and stratigraphic architecture of a storm-dominated, carbonate ramp. The Anticosti paleotropical ramp was slowly subsiding and recording significant changes in sea level in a far field glacial setting during the early Telychian. Three facies associations, grouping nine facies, are recognized along the E-W outcrop belt, and from top to bottom as the: (FA-1) encrinitic carbonate facies, (FA-2) mixed siliciclastic and carbonate facies, and (FA-3) non-encrinitic carbonate facies. These mid to outer ramp sediments represent deposition mostly from episodic, high-energy storm events as evidenced by hummocky cross-stratification, large wave ripples, gutter casts, and wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flow deposits. Spatial and temporal changes in siliciclastic content imply basin margin depositional environments in the eastern sections and change in climate regime from arid to humid conditions. The Chicotte deposition marks a major faunal change with the domination of crinoids triggered by increasing siliciclastic supply, rapid sea level fluctuations and change in substrates. The recognition of one major transgressive-regressive (TR) sequence subdivided in distinct meter-scale cycles allows a high resolution E-W correlation. The development of the TR sequence and meter-scale cycles is driven by glacio-eustacy where the main sequence is 4th order (~400 Ky) with superimposed meter-scale cycles that are 5th and/or 6th order (~100 Ky). Nevertheless, erosional capping surfaces within the more proximal tempestites represent ancient rocky shorelines that developed during forced sea level falls. In order to explain this stratigraphic architecture, a carbonate open-ramp model is proposed with a concave-up profile and a narrow and steep inner ramp in equilibrium with a high-energy coastline.

The upper Llandovery succession across the Jupiter-Chicotte formational contact on Anticosti Island, Québec, allows us to study the sediment dynamics and stratigraphic architecture of a storm-dominated, carbonate ramp. The Anticosti paleotropical ramp was slowly subsiding and recording significant changes in sea level in a far field glacial setting during the early Telychian. Three facies associations, grouping nine facies, are recognized along the E-W outcrop belt, and from top to bottom as the: (FA-1) encrinitic carbonate facies, (FA-2) mixed siliciclastic and carbonate facies, and (FA-3) non-encrinitic carbonate facies. These mid to outer ramp sediments represent deposition mostly from episodic, high-energy storm events as evidenced by hummocky cross-stratification, large wave ripples, gutter casts, and wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flow deposits. Spatial and temporal changes in siliciclastic content imply basin margin depositional environments in the eastern sections and change in climate regime from arid to humid conditions. The Chicotte deposition marks a major faunal change with the domination of crinoids triggered by increasing siliciclastic supply, rapid sea level fluctuations and change in substrates. The recognition of one major transgressive-regressive (TR) sequence subdivided in distinct meter-scale cycles allows a high resolution E-W correlation. The development of the TR sequence and meter-scale cycles is driven by glacio-eustacy where the main sequence is 4th order (~400 Ky) with superimposed meter-scale cycles that are 5th and/or 6th order (~100 Ky). Nevertheless, erosional capping surfaces within the more proximal tempestites represent ancient rocky shorelines that developed during forced sea level falls. In order to explain this stratigraphic architecture, a carbonate open-ramp model is proposed with a concave-up profile and a narrow and steep inner ramp in equilibrium with a high-energy coastline.

The carbonate storm-dominated sedimentary succession superbly exposed on Anticosti Island in Eastern Canada represents one of the most complete and well-preserved paleotropical stratigraphic records spanning the Ordovician-Silurian (O-S) boundary. We sampled the nearly continuous coastal outcrop exposed at low tide along the west coast of Anticosti Island for high-resolution δ13C and δ18O chemostratigraphy. These new isotopic curves comprise more than 500 data points spaced at ~0.6 m intervals; for a total of 320 m of strata across the O-S boundary. The δ13C curve displays two distinctive positive excursions in the Hirnantian Ellis Bay Formation; a small lower excursion (+2.5‰) and an upper larger excursion (+4.5‰). These two positive isotopic carbon excursions provide a distinctive chemostratigraphic signature for regional and global correlations with other Hirnantian sections. The continuing descending δ13C trend, at least 30 m above the currently interpreted O-S boundary, suggests a readjustment of that boundary on the Anticosti succession. The δ18O curve, similarly to the Quaternary δ18O marine curve, is tightly coupled with multi-order cyclic facies changes. Our tightly coupled lithological and oxygen isotopic data suggest that the Anticosti succession was influenced by glacio-eustatic fluctuations during the end-Ordovician. Furthermore, the estimated duration of these multi-order cycles supports an astronomical forcing. A primary isotopic signal record is also supported by the lack of significant covariance between δ13C and δ18O, by the excellent microfabric preservation of both macro and microfossils in petrographic, cathodoluminescence, and SEM microscopy, and by little or no diagenetic resetting as suggested by the trace element geochemistry, which is unusual in the deep geological time.