The antimicrobial effects of cinnamon, clove and ginger (grand and fresh) extracts against Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Pichia fermentans were studied in this thesis. Selected spices were extracted in three solvents (ethanol, water and ethyl acetate) and inhibition effect on tested microorganisms was studied using two methods disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The antioxidant activity and total polyphenolic compounds from spices were also determined. The results showed that cinnamon and clove extracts in ethyl acetate and ethanol were a promising antimicrobial substances for all tested microorganisms. Combination of cinnamon and clove especially ethyl acetate extracts showed an aditive effect. However, in the case of broth dilution method, fresh ginger inhibited bacterial growth under optimal growth conditions of Bacillus subtilis (35 °C, pH 7, 250 rpm). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all susceptible microorganisms was determined 8,3 mg/ml. The highest amounts of polyphenolic substances were found in cinnamon and clove ethanol extract and this result was in correlation with antioxidant activity.

Pumice and the Moringa oleifera (MO) seed were investigated as alternative natural materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at the Stretta Vaudetto water treatment plant in Eritrea. Lab and pilot scale studies showed that pumice was a suitable alternative material for dual media filtration. Conversion of the sand filters at Stretta Vaudetto to pumice-sand media would significantly improve performance of the filtration units. The coagulant protein from the MO seed was purified in a single-step ion exchange purification method. The parameters for batch purification were optimized that can be readily scaled up. This will promote its use in water treatment. A small volume coagulation assay method was developed that simplified and expedited the coagulation activity experiments. MO coagulant protein (MOCP) possessed considerable coagulation and sludge conditioning properties as alum. It also showed antimicrobial effects against bacteria, some of which are antibiotic resistant. The coagulation and antimicrobial properties of MOCP render it important in water treatment.

<p>Pumice and the Moringa oleifera (MO) seed were investigated as alternative natural materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at the Stretta Vaudetto water treatment plant in Eritrea. </p><p>Lab and pilot scale studies showed that pumice was a suitable alternative material for dual media filtration. Conversion of the sand filters at Stretta Vaudetto to pumice-sand media would significantly improve performance of the filtration units. The coagulant protein from the MO seed was purified in a single-step ion exchange purification method. The parameters for batch purification were optimized that can be readily scaled up. This will promote its use in water treatment. </p><p>A small volume coagulation assay method was developed that simplified and expedited the coagulation activity experiments. MO coagulant protein (MOCP) possessed considerable coagulation and sludge conditioning properties as alum. It also showed antimicrobial effects against bacteria, some of which are antibiotic resistant. The coagulation and antimicrobial properties of MOCP render it important in water treatment.</p>

Thesis (MSc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing diets with antimicrobials and effective microorganisms on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The study consisted of two parts. The first part determined the effect of antimicrobial and effective microorganism (EM) supplementations on growth performance of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. A complete randomized design was used and 150 unsexed day-old chicks with an initial weight of 42 ± 2g were randomly assigned to five different treatments which were replicated 3 times with each replicate having 10 chicks. The five grower diets had the same nutrients (20% CP and 12MJ/kg) but different supplementation levels of 0g oxytetracycline and 0ml EMs/l of water (UAM0EM0), 0.01g oxytetracycline (UAM0.01EM0), 30ml EMs/l of water (UAM0EM30), 50ml EMs/l of water (UAM0EM50) and 100ml EMs/l of water (UAM0EM100). A quadratic regression model was used to determine dietary effective microorganism supplementation levels for optimal feed intake and live weight of Ross 308 broiler chickens. A linear model was used to determine the relationship between dietary effective microorganism supplementation levels and metabolisable energy intakes. Antimicrobial and effective microorganism supplementations did not have any effect (P>0.05) on growth rate, feed conversion ratio and mortality. Antimicrobial supplementation improved (P<0.05) feed intake and live weight of the chickens. Supplementation with 50ml of EMs/l of water improved (P<0.05) feed intake. Supplementation with 50 or 100ml of EMs per litre of water increased (P<0.05) ME intake of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation levels of 72.25 and 48.29ml of drinking water optimized feed intake and live weight, respectively. The second part of the experiment determined the effect of antimicrobials and effective microorganisms on productivity, blood, carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens were randomly allocated to five treatments with three replications, each having six chickens. A total of 90 male chickens, with the initial live weight of 452 ± 3g were allocated to the treatments in a complete randomized design. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0g oxytetracycline and 0ml EMs/l of water (MAM0EM0), 0.01g oxytetracycline (MAM0.01EM0), 30ml EMs/l of water (MAM0EM30), v 50ml EMs/l of water (MAM0EM50) and 100ml EMs/l of water (MAM0EM100). Antimicrobial and effective microorganism supplementation did not have effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, live weight, ME intake, blood glucose and mortality. Poorer (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio was observed with the supplementation of antimicrobial. Blood glucose levels were optimized at an effective microorganism supplementation level of 29.00ml of EM/l of drinking water (Figure 4.05). Supplementing diets with antimicrobials and effective microorganisms did not have effect (P>0.05) on crop, gizzard, proventriculus and large intestine pH values of male chickens. However, supplementation with of 100ml of EMs per litre of drinking water reduced (P<.0.05) the pH of ileum. Effective microorganism supplementation level of 85.00ml per litre of drinking water optimized the crop pH value. Antimicrobial and effective microorganism supplementations did not have influence (P>0.05) on gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine, caecum, large intestine, liver and heart weights of male chickens at 42 days. Effective microorganism supplementation level of 50ml per litre of drinking water reduced (P<.0.05) crop weight. Antimicrobial and effective microorganism supplementations did not have effect (P>0.05) on whole gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), small intestine and caecum length of the chickens. Antimicrobial supplementation reduced (P<0.05) the length of large intestine. Effective microorganism supplementation levels of 41.00, 45.50 and 85.00ml per litre of drinking water optimized crop weights and caecum and large intestine lengths, respectively. Antimicrobial and effective microorganism supplementations did not have any influence (P>0.05) on live weight, carcass weight, breast weight, drumstick weight ad thigh weight. Similarly, antimicrobial and effective microorganism supplementations did not have influence on meat tenderness, juiciness and flavour. There were no antibiotic and effective microbe residues in the meat. It is, therefore, concluded that effective microorganism supplementation did not have much effect on production parameters, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Ross 308 broiler chickens.

This master thesis is oriented on study antimicrobial effects extracts and macerates from cure Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Teoretical part describes basic information about plant Stevia, summary of health significant matters contained in Stevia and posobilities preparing extracts from Stevia. Antimicrobial effects extracts and macerates from cure Stevia were testing on food-borne bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus) and yeasts (Geotrichum candidum and Hansenula anomala). Microorganism, extracts and macerates were chosen on basis previous study (Study of antimicrobial effects Stevia Rebaudiana extracts, Eva Rakovská). For screening antimicrobial activity were determined the growth curves by using turbidimetrie for bacteria and direct treetment metod of cells number for yeasts. Antimicrobial effects were confirmed aplication with diffusion pit method on the agar ranges. From the results flow the testing extracts and macerates from stevia analysed antimicrobial effects. The best effect was demostrated on macerates and the most sensitive was bacteria Micrococcus luteus with the best inhibitoring effects.