The purpose of this study was to quantify the contact forces between the lower and upper hands to the stick shaft during the ice hockey slap and wrist shot. Four cohorts (male/female x high/low calibre; HC, LC) of ice hockey players were tested using three sticks of different shaft bending stiffnesses (77, 87, 102). Forty-one subjects (21 male, 20 female) performed seven slap and seven wrist shots with each of the three stick types. Force at the stick-hand interface was recorded at 1000 Hz using 32 piezoresistive sensors about the shaft at the upper and lower-hand grip locations. The results demonstrated the feasibility for direct measurement of forces at the hand-stick interface while executing shooting tasks in ice hockey. As anticipated, peak forces acquired during both the slap and wrist shot differed by calibre and by gender, with males exhibiting higher forces than females, and HC players demonstrating higher forces than LC players, within each gender; however, stick type was not a significant factor. Notably, each player displayed unique, repeatable "force signatures". In general, for both slap and wrist shots, grip force patterns demonstrated typical bimanual coordination patterns pertinent to understanding the mechanical dynamic control of the stick for effective performance. / Le but de cette étude était d'examiner les forces de contact entre les mains et le baton de hockey pendant l'exécution de lancers frappés et de tirs du poignet. Quatre cohortes (homme/femme x haut / bas calibre; HC, LC) de joueurs de hockey sur glace ont été testés en utilisant trois bâtons de rigidités différentes (77, 87, 102). Quarante et un sujets (21 hommes, 20 femmes) ont effectué sept lancers frappés et sept tirs du poignet avec chacun des trois types de bâton. La force de pression a été enregistrée à 1000 Hz en utilisant 32 capteurs piézorésistifs aux interfaces entre la main et le bâton. Les résultats ont démontré la faisabilité de la mesure directe des forces à l'interface main-bâton lors de l'exécution de tirs au hockey sur glace. Les forces de pointe atteintes au cours de lancers frappés et de tirs du poignet différaient en fonction du calibre et du sexe, les hommes présentant des forces supérieures comparativement aux femmes. De plus, les joueurs de HC ont démontré des forces supérieures par rapport aux joueurs LC. Par contre, le type de bâton ne représentait pas un facteurs significatif pour la production de force qui plus est, chaque joueur a affiché une 'signature' de force reproductible et constante. En général, les modèles de forces pour les lancers frappés et les tirs des poignets ont démontré des pattrons de coordination bimanuelle à la compréhension du contrôle mécanique dynamique du bâton et possiblement a l'évaluation de la performance.

Fourteen rectangular reinforced concrete beams with the same dimensions and varying amounts of vertical stirrups were tested for ultimate shear strength. The beams were symmetrically loaded at the third points of a central span with a loaded overhang at each end to simulate the effects of continuity. A study of the cracking pattern, the deflected form of each beam and the stresses in the main and web reinforcements was made. The results were compared to both code requirements and theories presented by other investigators. As a result of this study it is shown that the strength of beams in shear can only be increased by shear reinforcement up to a limiting value. A modified hypothesis, as an explanation for the mechanism of shear failure, is presented.

EBF seismic design conforming to Clause 27 of CSA-S16.1-94 is described and a computer program to carry out the ductility design (EBFSD) was developed for this study. EBF design procedures for different seismic load levels are proposed. Twenty-two EBFs incorporating different link lengths, numbers of storey, and wind-to-earthquake load ratios are designed and analyzed for a moderate seismic zone. The loads controlling member selection in a frame are identified from various load combinations considered in the design phases. The extent of seismic overstrength design for an EBF in a moderate seismic zone is investigated. Enhanced strength of ductile links due to non-seismic loads may cause the ductility demands on the links to be reduced. / The strengths. stiffness. and ductility of the frames with the resulting members from the proposed design procedures are investigated. A simple method of evaluating overall frame strength and ductility is outlined. Detailing of the links for moderate seismic loads is proposed based on the analytical results. The results indicate that EBF design with the proposed procedures is feasible and practical.

The characteristics of the dynamic flow in single-reed mouthpiece systems, as well as the influence of low Mach number mean flows on parameters associated with the acoustic radiation from wind instruments and generic waveguides are investigated in this thesis. In the first case, a numerical technique based on the lattice Boltzmann method coupled to a finite difference scheme is developed in order to investigate the fluid-structure interaction within the mouthpiece-reed system due to an unsteady low Mach number viscous flow. Results obtained for a stationary simulation with a static reed agree very well with those predicted by the literature based on the quasi-stationary approximation. However, simulations carried out for a dynamic regime with an oscillating reed show that the phenomenon associated with flow detachment and reattachment diverges considerably from the theoretical assumptions. The influence of low Mach number mean flows on the acoustic transmission properties of wind instruments and generic waveguides is also investigated by means of an axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann scheme. The results obtained from an unflanged pipe model agree very well with those provided by the available theories and experimental data. The effect of different horn types attached to the open end of a pipe is also investigated in detail. When compared to an unflanged pipe, horns act to significantly increase the gain of the reflection coefficient magnitude (| R| > 1) in the same critical regions observed in the unflanged pipe. Conversely, horns act to drastically decrease the end correction in the low-frequency limit. The results sug- gest that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is independent of the horn geometry at low Strouhal numbers, whereas the end correction is highly dependent. When the simulations are conducted with the same parameters found during clarinet playing (catenoidal horn and very low Mach numbers), it is observed that the effect of the mean flow b / Les caractéristiques de l'écoulement dynamique dans les systèmes d'embouchure à anche simple, ainsi que l'influence d' ́ecoulements à faible nombre de Mach sur certains des paramètres li ́es au rayonnement acoustique des instruments à vent et des guides d'ondes en général sont ́etudi ́ees dans cette thèse. Dans le premier cas, une technique numérique, basée sur une méthode de Boltzmann couplée à une méthode de différence finie, est développée afin d' étudier l'interaction fluide-structure dans le systéme bec-anche qui provient d'un ́ecoulement visqueux instable de faible nombre de Mach. Les résultats obtenus, en régime stationnaire avec une anche statique, concident avec ceux prédits par la litterature qui se base sur l'approximation quasi stationnaire. Cependant, les simulations effectuées pour un régime dynamique avec une anche vibrante montrent que les phénomènes associés au détachement et au rattachement de l'écoulement divergent considérablement des prédictions théoriques. L'influence d'un ́ecoulement à faible nombre de Mach sur les propriétés acoustiques des instruments à vent et des guides d'ondes en général est ́egalement ́etudiée à l'aide d'une méthode de Boltzmann sur réseau axisymétrique. Les résultats obtenus à partir d'un modèle de tuyau non- bafflé correspondent très bien à ceux fournis par les théories disponibles et les données expérimentales. L'effet de differents types de pavillon attachés à l'extrémité ouverte d'un tuyau est ́egalement ́etudié en détail. La comparaison de ces résultats avec le tuyau non-bafflé montre que les pavillons ont pour effet d'augmenter significativement le module du coefficient de réflexion pour les mêmes régions critiques (| R| > 1) observées dans le cas du tuyau. A l'inverse, les pavillons diminuent considérablement la correction de longueur dans la limite basse fréquence. Les resultats suggèrent que l'importance du coefficient$

In many sub-tropical and tropical and regions of the world, marly soils (marls) and lime or cement stabilization of marl soils are used as a convenient and expedient means for development of foundation base courses and inexpensive wearing courses for transport purposes. The failure of many of these natural and stabilized marls to perform their function have been reported. This study uses physico-chemical (reaction) factors to explain the general basic causes for deterioration of the support capability for these types of soil. / The presence of palygorskite and sepiolite in marl soils provides it with some very unique features in its natural state, and particularly when it is stabilized with lime or cement. Formation of an expansive mineral ettringite as a transformation product of palygorskite increases the swelling potential of the stabilized soil. The exact mechanism of these failures is still not well known. Reactions between lime, alumina (released from the clay fraction of soil) and sulfates present in the soil pore fluid can cause the formation of ettringite. The possible contribution of palygorskite and sepiolite to the post-stabilization failure due to ettringite formation were investigated. / It is shown that the general geotechnical/physical criteria used to evaluate stabilized soil performance not be reliable for the evaluation of stabilized marl due to the possible formation of ettringite and its resultant behaviour. A set of physico-chemical studies, which include specific surface area measurements (SSA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD ), are needed for a more complete and realistic evaluation of the long-term stability of stabilized marl. In this study, a soil washing method for extraction of pure palygorskite or clay fraction from the soil mixture is developed and validated by XRD analysis. Based on the presented results, the pervious classification of marly soils is developed and a new classification for marly soils is proposed. / Following establishment of the significant role of palygorskite and sepiolite, through the experimental studies, the current XRD techniques for quantitative mineral analysis of clay soils are evaluated. The accuracy of these methods are investigated by preparation of a series of artificial soil mixtures. Finally, a quantitative XRD method for marly soils and ettringite is presented. / In the last part of this study, the major difference in the kinetics of ettringite when artificially formed is compared with that of a stabilized soil, and the role of sulfate, alumina, and calcium on the ettringite formation is investigated. Furthermore, for soil stabilization, the contribution of different clay minerals in ettringite formation is investigated. Among the clay minerals studied, palygorskite was found to be the most rich in alumina, providing the highest source of alumina for ettringite formation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify joint angular kinematics that correspond to shooting accuracy in the stationary ice hockey wrist shot. Twenty-four subjects participated in this study, each performing 10 successful shots to four shooting targets. An eight-camera infra-red motion capture system (240 Hz), using passive reflective markers, was used to record motion of the joints, hockey stick, and puck throughout the performance of the wrist shot. A multiple regression analysis was carried out to examine whole-body kinematic variables with accuracy scores as the dependent variable. Results indicate that no one body region predominated as a predictor of accuracy across all four shooting targets since the wrist shot's general movement pattern required that one or more of the body's joints modulate its movement amplitude, rate and timing to achieve an accurate outcome. Significant accuracy predictors were identified in the lower limbs, torso and upper limbs. An accurate outcome was associated with the following characteristics: The lower body seemed to provide a stable base for support, but also contributed to initiation of movement in the form of weight transfer towards the intended target. We propose that the trail leg seemed to offset rotational motion that could potentially upset the stability of the system if not properly managed. Additionally, angular kinematics at the pelvis, spine and thorax appeared to orient the trunk such that the upper limbs can optimally function to achieve an accurate outcome, and also undoubtedly contributed to force production. And finally, accuracy was associated with more dynamic use of the lead arm specifically at the wrist and shoulder. / AbrégéL'objectif premier de cette étude était d'identifier les mouvements caractéristiques du corps des joueurs de hockey correspondant à la précision de tirs du poignet stationnaire à travers différents niveaux d'habiletés. Un total de vingt-quatre sujets ont fait partie de l'échantillon. Chacun d'eux ont dû réussir correctement dix lancers dans chacune des quatre différentes cibles. La performance des sujets a été évaluée en mesurant la cinématique du corps, du bâton et de la rondelle à l'aide de marqueur réfléchissants qui ont été filmé à l'aide d'un système d'analyse du mouvement composé de huit caméra infrarouge (Vicon®), le tout étant enregistré à 240 Hz. Avec le niveau de précision comme variable dépendante, une analyse de régression multiple a été effectuée avec les variables cinématiques de toutes les articulations. Les résultats ont démontrés qu'il n'y a pas de prédicteurs universels à travers les différentes cibles considérant qu'une ou plusieurs articulations peuvent ajuster leurs vitesses, amplitudes et séquences pour effectuer un lancer précis. Des prédicteurs important ont été identifiés dans les membres inférieurs, le tronc ainsi que dans les membres supérieur. Les membres inférieurs semblent permettent une base de support stable ainsi qu'un transfert de poids efficace en direction de la cible visée. De plus, la jambe arrière permettrait de contrer le momentum angulaire qui pourrait débalancé le système en équilibre. Le déplacement angulaire du tronc (pelvis, thorax et colonne lombaire) permet d'orienter de façon à ce que les membres supérieurs puissent bouger de façon optimale en plus de contribuer à la production de force transmisse à la rondelle. Pour terminer, la précision semble être associée à un contrôle plus dynamique du poignet et de l'épaule du membre supérieur contrôlant le haut du bâton.

This investigation deals with the behavior of a simply supported 8WF17 beam, fifteen feet long, commonly used as a spandrel when a plate is welded to the bottom flange to carry the eccentric wall. The test was conducted at three torques equivalent to a two, four, and six inch brick wall ten feet high resting eccentrically on the bottom plate producing bending and large torsional stresses. Pairs of stiffeners were bolted to the beam at the fifth, quarter, third, and centre points and the effects on the angle of twist, flange, and web stresses studied. The change in position of the neutral plane was also examined. The observed test data was compared with the theoretical based on the Lyse-Johnston, and Grinter methods of design. The experiment stopped after permanent yielding occurred in the web and a kink developed in the top flange.

Throughout the ages the various types of architecture or mans way of materially expressing the thoughts, and the ways of living of his age, have been curtailed by the available materials and inherited techniques. Wood was one of the first universal building materials. It was readily attacked by the elements and the buildings as well as the culture of the times was soon lost to history. With the advent of stone a permanent building material was available to the builders and sculptures of the day.

Concrete work during cold weather is normally avoided by the construction industry. The reasons for this can be grouped under two general headings; firstly, the poorer working conditions which prevail and secondly, the effect which a low ambient temperature has on the strength of freshly poured concrete. The lower standard of working conditions in winter are due mainly to snow, the fewer hours of daylight available and the heavy clothing worn and personal discomfort experienced by the workers. These factors result in added cost due to snow removal, artificial lighting and a decrease in output of the labour force.

This study investigates the shearing strength of two types of soil as determined by the unconfined compression test and the double ring shear test, together with the stress-strain modulus as determined from the slope of the unconfined compression curve. Laboratory investigations were conducted on loosely compacted sand samples, dense sand samples and clay samples, all of which were cured and tested under two temperature conditions - 0°F. and 24°F. Both fast and slow unconfined compression tests were conducted at these two temperatures.