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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

On the Role of Partition Inequalities in Classical Algorithms for Steiner Problems in Graphs

Tan, Kunlun January 2006 (has links)
The Steiner tree problem is a classical, well-studied, $\mathcal{NP}$-hard optimization problem. Here we are given an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, a subset $R$ of $V$ of terminals, and non-negative costs $c_e$ for all edges $e$ in $E$. A feasible Steiner tree for a given instance is a tree $T$ in $G$ that spans all terminals in $R$. The goal is to compute a feasible Steiner tree of smallest cost. In this thesis we will focus on approximation algorithms for this problem: a $c$-approximation algorithm is an algorithm that returns a tree of cost at most $c$ times that of an optimum solution for any given input instance. <br /><br /> In a series of papers throughout the last decade, the approximation guarantee $c$ for the Steiner tree problem has been improved to the currently best known value of 1. 55 (Robins, Zelikovsky). Robins' and Zelikovsky's algorithm as well as most of its predecessors are greedy algorithms. <br /><br /> Apart from algorithmic improvements, there also has been substantial work on obtaining tight linear-programming relaxations for the Steiner tree problem. Many undirected and directed formulations have been proposed in the course of the last 25 years; their use, however, is to this point mostly restricted to the field of exact optimization. There are few examples of algorithms for the Steiner tree problem that make use of these LP relaxations. The best known such algorithm for general graphs is a 2-approximation (for the more general Steiner forest problem) due to Agrawal, Klein and Ravi. Their analysis is tight as the LP-relaxation used in their work is known to be weak: it has an IP/LP gap of approximately 2. <br /><br /> Most recent efforts to obtain algorithms for the Steiner tree problem that are based on LP-relaxations has focused on directed relaxations. In this thesis we present an undirected relaxation and show that the algorithm of Robins and Zelikovsky returns a Steiner tree whose cost is at most 1. 55 times its optimum solution value. In fact, we show that this algorithm can be viewed as a primal-dual algorithm. <br /><br/> The Steiner forest problem is a generalization of the Steiner tree problem. In the problem, instead of only one set of terminals, we are given more than one terminal set. An feasible Steiner forest is a forest that connects all terminals in the same terminal set for each terminal set. The goal is to find a minimum cost feasible Steiner forest. In this thesis, a new set of facet defining inequalities for the polyhedra of the Steiner forest is introduced.
2

On the Role of Partition Inequalities in Classical Algorithms for Steiner Problems in Graphs

Tan, Kunlun January 2006 (has links)
The Steiner tree problem is a classical, well-studied, $\mathcal{NP}$-hard optimization problem. Here we are given an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$, a subset $R$ of $V$ of terminals, and non-negative costs $c_e$ for all edges $e$ in $E$. A feasible Steiner tree for a given instance is a tree $T$ in $G$ that spans all terminals in $R$. The goal is to compute a feasible Steiner tree of smallest cost. In this thesis we will focus on approximation algorithms for this problem: a $c$-approximation algorithm is an algorithm that returns a tree of cost at most $c$ times that of an optimum solution for any given input instance. <br /><br /> In a series of papers throughout the last decade, the approximation guarantee $c$ for the Steiner tree problem has been improved to the currently best known value of 1. 55 (Robins, Zelikovsky). Robins' and Zelikovsky's algorithm as well as most of its predecessors are greedy algorithms. <br /><br /> Apart from algorithmic improvements, there also has been substantial work on obtaining tight linear-programming relaxations for the Steiner tree problem. Many undirected and directed formulations have been proposed in the course of the last 25 years; their use, however, is to this point mostly restricted to the field of exact optimization. There are few examples of algorithms for the Steiner tree problem that make use of these LP relaxations. The best known such algorithm for general graphs is a 2-approximation (for the more general Steiner forest problem) due to Agrawal, Klein and Ravi. Their analysis is tight as the LP-relaxation used in their work is known to be weak: it has an IP/LP gap of approximately 2. <br /><br /> Most recent efforts to obtain algorithms for the Steiner tree problem that are based on LP-relaxations has focused on directed relaxations. In this thesis we present an undirected relaxation and show that the algorithm of Robins and Zelikovsky returns a Steiner tree whose cost is at most 1. 55 times its optimum solution value. In fact, we show that this algorithm can be viewed as a primal-dual algorithm. <br /><br/> The Steiner forest problem is a generalization of the Steiner tree problem. In the problem, instead of only one set of terminals, we are given more than one terminal set. An feasible Steiner forest is a forest that connects all terminals in the same terminal set for each terminal set. The goal is to find a minimum cost feasible Steiner forest. In this thesis, a new set of facet defining inequalities for the polyhedra of the Steiner forest is introduced.
3

Estudio numérico y experimental de flujo Rayleigh-Bénard en cavidades cúbicas para régimen transitorio y turbulento

Valencia Merizalde, Leonardo 30 September 2005 (has links)
El presente trabajo estudia la convección Rayleigh-Bénard en cavidades cúbicas sin inclinación con respecto a la horizontal y calentadas por debajo para números de Rayleigh tanto dentro del estado estacionario como dentro del régimen turbulento.Inicialmente se estudian los efectos que tiene la variación de las propiedades físicas con la temperatura sobre la estructura de flujo, el mecanismo de transporte y la transferencia de calor para dos números de Rayleigh bajos (Ra=104 y Ra=5×104) en los que el flujo es laminar y estacionario y para un Rayleigh dentro del régimen turbulento (Ra=107). Para este estudio numérico se utilizó agua como fluido convectivo (Pr=5.9) y se supuso que las paredes laterales de la cavidad eran perfectamente conductoras. De acuerdo con Gray y Giorgini (1976) la aproximación de Boussinesq debe aplicarse para diferencias menores al 10% en las propiedades físicas del fluido. De acuerdo con este criterio, para agua a T0=26ºC las variaciones de temperatura máximas permitidas para poder aplicar la aproximación de Boussinesq serían &#916;T &#8804; 2.9ºC para el coeficiente de expansión térmica, &#916;T &#8804; 4.5ºC para la viscosidad. Los cálculos sin la aproximación de Boussinesq llevados a cabo en el presente trabajo fueron calculados con una diferencia de temperaturas de 17.5ºC entre placas fría y caliente (6 veces mayor que el limite para la propiedad física más crítica) y por tanto los presentes resultados pueden ser considerados fuera de la aproximación de Boussinesq. En estas condiciones las variaciones del coeficiente de expansión térmica y de la viscosidad entre las paredes caliente y fría respecto al valor evaluado a la temperatura media, son del 62% y 40%, respectivamente, siendo el fluido cerca a la pared fría más viscoso y con menor coeficiente de expansión.Posteriormente se han identificado numéricamente las estructuras de flujo promedio temporal para cinco números de Rayleigh dentro del régimen turbulento (para el rango 107&#8804;Ra&#8804;108). Debido a la similitud de cuatro de estas estructuras (para Ra>3×107) sólo dos de ellas fueron verificadas experimentalmente (Ra=7×107 y Ra=108) además de la estructura encontrada a Ra=107. Para los cálculos se asumió la aproximación de Boussinesq debido a que las diferencias de temperatura en la experimentación eran suficientemente bajas como para considerar propiedades físicas constantes de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en el análisis anterior. Con el fin de reproducir al máximo las condiciones experimentales, los resultados numéricos fueron obtenidos teniendo presente la conductividad térmica del vidrio de las paredes laterales. La visualización de las estructuras de flujo y la medición de los campos de velocidad en el plano vertical medio de la cavidad se realizó con el método PIV (de Particle Image Velocimetry). Estos resultados nos permitieron validar los resultados obtenidos con las simulaciones, comparándose tanto las topologías del flujo como los valores de velocidad puntuales en perfiles dentro del plano analizado.De los resultados numéricos se encontró que aun con porcentajes de variación de las propiedades físicas del fluido entre las paredes fría y caliente muy por encima del criterio normalmente utilizado (10%) tanto en régimen laminar como turbulento, las estructuras de flujo y las condiciones de transporte de calor, no se ven afectadas considerablemente por esta variación. Esto es debido principalmente a que los gradientes de temperatura mas altos están localizados dentro de la delgada límite térmica cerca de las paredes y por tanto la variación de las propiedades físicas con la temperatura solo es significativa en esta zona. En los resultados numéricos a régimen turbulento para números de Rayleigh en el rango 3×107&#8804;Ra&#8804;108 se observa que la estructura cambia de dirección a través del cambio de orientación del eje de rotación dela estructura permaneciendo períodos de tiempo indefinidos en una posición determinada. Los resultados experimentales para Ra=7×107 y Ra=108, no presentan este cambio de orientación en la estructura. Se observa que la estructura de flujo no cambia de posición en el tiempo conservando la misma orientación durante todo el tiempo de muestreo. La diferencia entre resultados numéricos y experimentales puede atribuirse a las inevitables imperfecciones en las condiciones de contorno de los experimentos, especialmente en la distribución de temperaturas en las paredes de la cavidad, o bien a la pequeña pero también inevitable desviación de la cavidad respecto la perfecta horizontalidad. Estos efectos pueden ser los causantes de la inhibición del cambio de orientación de la estructura observado en las simulaciones numéricas con condiciones de contorno ideales y llevadas a cabo suponiendo una perfecta horizontalidad de la cavidad. Sin embargo, es importante resaltar que las estructuras de flujo medias y los contornos de la desviación estándar de la velocidad vertical obtenidos experimentalmente son cualitativamente similares a aquellos obtenidos numéricamente para un periodo de tiempo en el cual la estructura media permanece en la misma posición, indicando que la estructura de flujo experimental corresponde a una determinada orientación de la estructura obtenida numéricamente. Por otro lado las estructuras de flujo promedio temporal y los valores de velocidad obtenidos numéricamente concuerdan significativamente con las correspondientes medidas experimentales para los números de Rayleigh analizados. / In the first part of this study, the effects of a non-Boussinesq fluid are numerically studied and discussed for Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a cubical cavity with perfectly conducting sidewalls at low and high Rayleigh numbers using water as a convecting fluid (Pr=5.9). Numerical simulations at all Rayleigh numbers considered were carried out for two different cases. In the first case a Boussinesq fluid was considered (Boussinesq Fluid Simulation-BFS) and in the second case, the dependence of viscosity and thermal conductivity of water on temperature was adopted in the simulations (Non-Boussinesq Fluid Simulation-NBFS). At the low Rayleigh numbers used in this study (Ra=104 and Ra=5x104) the flow is laminar and steady and at the high Rayleigh number considered (Ra=107) the flow is turbulent. At Ra=104 and Ra=5x104 we focus our analysis on the effect of variation of the fluid viscosity with temperature on the more stable flow structures from the set of seven different topologies reported in previous studies. At Ra=107 and Pr=5.9 the non-Boussinesq effects on the turbulent flow are analysed in detail and the flow structures and heat transfer rates compared with those available in the literature at Pr=0.71. Previous works recommend that temperature difference should be less than 4.5ºC in order to obtain less than 10% of variation in the viscosity. Non-Boussinesq simulations in the present work were calculated with a viscosity variation of 40% between cold and hot plates. The numerical simulations at high and low Rayleigh numbers were conducted with a second order finite volume code without any turbulence model because the time-steps and grid sizes used are adequate for the time and spatial resolution requirements reported in previous direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh-Bénard flows. The structure of the flow topologies at Ra=104 and Ra=5x104 are not significantly affected by the effects of the variation of viscosity and thermal conductivity with temperature. However, results obtained with a NBFS show an increase of the ascending flow velocities compared with those obtained with the Boussinesq approximation according to the decrease of viscosity with increasing temperature. At Ra=107 the instantaneous flow shows large deviations with respect to the time-average flow field that consists in two counter rotating vortex rings located near the horizontal plates. The temperature gradients and, thus the viscosity variation are located close to the walls within the thermal boundary layers. This causes that the time-averaged flow field topologies corresponding to BFS and NBFS are not greatly affected by the effects of the variation of viscosity and thermal conductivity with temperature.In the second part, experimental measurements and numerical simulations of natural convection in a cubical cavity heated from below and cooled from above are reported at turbulent Rayleigh numbers using water as a convective fluid (Pr=6.0). The numerical simulations were carried out, in the range 107&#8804;Ra&#8804;108, with a second order finite volume code without any turbulence model because the time-steps and grid sizes used are adequate for the time and spatial resolution requirements reported in previous direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh-Bénard flows. The Boussinesq approximation was considered in the simulations according to the thermal conditions and the dimensions of the cavities used in the experiments. The Particle Image Velocimetry technique was used to measure the two velocity components parallel to a vertical mid-plane of the cavity at Ra=107, Ra=7×107 and Ra=108. Both experiments and simulations show that at Ra=107 the time averaged flow structure consists in two horizontal counter-rotating vortex rings located near the horizontal walls of the cavity. At the higher Rayleigh numbers considered, the simulations predict an unsteady single roll motion in which the direction of the axis of rotation rotates in the horizontal plane with very low frequencies. This rotation produces a time averaged flow structure similar to that found at Ra=107. There is a general agreement between the predicted time averaged localvelocities and those experimentally measured if the heat conduction through the sidewalls occurring in the experiments is considered in the simulations.
4

Estimativa da temperatura-emissividade de alvos com base em regressões de dados de sensoriamento remoto proximal

Grondona, Atilio Efrain Bica January 2015 (has links)
O infravermelho termal (TIR - Thermal InfraRed) é uma porção do espectro eletromagnético com várias aplicações no Sensoriamento Remoto (SR), tais como: geologia, climatologia, análises de processos biológicos, análises geofísicas, avaliação de desastres e detecção de mudanças, entre outras. No TIR a emissão de radiação dos alvos é uma função não linear de duas variáveis, a emissividade e a temperatura do alvo, e a principal dificuldade é calcular/estimar tais variáveis separadamente e de forma confiável. Vários métodos foram desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas para mitigar esta indeterminação, mas independente do método todos tem a mesma deficiência, são desenvolvidos para aplicações específicas como o tipo de sensor, tipo de estudo, o alvo em análise, o número de alvos, tipo de clima, entre outros. Desta forma, o método a ser aplicado depende do estudo em questão, e para obter melhores resultados deve-se escolher o método que melhor se aplica ao problema estudado pelo analista. Neste trabalho, se propõe uma abordagem alternativa para estimar a temperatura e, portanto, a emissividade de um alvo em particular. A abordagem consiste em gerar regressões, em determinados comprimentos de onda, a partir da função linearizada da radiância para dados de laboratório de uma amostra de quartzo em diferentes temperaturas, medida sob condições controladas de humidade e temperatura do ambiente. As regressões visam modelar a variação na temperatura devido as variações na radiância do alvo, de modo a estimar a temperatura a partir da radiância em determinado comprimento de onda e sem o conhecimento prévio da emissividade do alvo. Os dados de laboratório foram divididos em dois grupos, treinamento e controle, no grupo de treinamento várias regressões polinomiais foram aplicados enquanto os dados de controle serviram para validar e avaliar as regressões. Foram realizados 5 experimentos: 1) dados de laboratório em comprimentos de onda específicos, 2) nos comprimentos de ondas centrais das bandas TIR-ASTER, 3) nas simulações das bandas TIR-ASTER, 4) com a simulação da atmosfera (seca e úmida) para as bandas simuladas TIRASTER e 5) numa imagem L1B TIR-ASTER da região de estudo e validado com o produto AST08. Como resultado, foi possível estimar a temperatura com erros menores que 0.2K para os dados de laboratório e com erro médio menor que 1.5K para imagens LIB TIR-ASTER. Além disso, o método requer apenas uma banda espectral na imagem, viabilizando sua aplicação em sensores termais monoespectrais. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos com uma regressão linear simples, e melhoram ao aumentar o comprimento de onda. No entanto, aumentando o comprimento de onda e, simultaneamente, o grau do polinômio da regressão os resultados também melhoram com relação a regressão linear, porém não são significativos, e desta forma o ajuste linear é a melhor opção. Desta forma, o método proposto se mostrou promissor, sinalizando que futuras pesquisas são necessárias. / The thermal infrared (TIR) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with multiple remote Sensing applications in the field of geology, climatology, biological processes analysis, geophysical analysis, disaster assessment, change detection and many others. In TIR, radiation emission of the target is a nonlinear function of two unknowns – the emissivity and the temperature, and the main difficulty is to calculate/estimate these two variables separately and reliably. Several methods have been developed in the recent decades to mitigate this problem. However, regardless of the method, all have developed similar incapacities for specific applications such as the type of sensor, study type, the target in question, the number of targets, type of weather, among others. Thus, the method to be applied depends on the study in question and the best results can be reached choosing the best fit method for that problem. In this work, we propose an alternative approach for estimating the temperature, and therefore the emissivity, of a particular target. The approach consists of generating statistical regressions in some wavelengths from linearized radiance function of laboratory data from a quartz sample at different temperatures, measured under controlled conditions of humidity and room temperature. The aim of regressions is to model the variation in temperature due to the variations in the radiance of the target in order to estimate the temperature from radiance data on a certain wavelength and without prior knowledge of the target emissivity. Laboratory datasets were divided into two groups - training and control. In the training group, several polynomial regressions were applied while the control group served to validate and evaluate the regressions. Five experiments were performed: (1) laboratory data at specific wavelengths (2) the central wave lengths of ASTER-TIR bands (3) simulations of ASTER-TIR bands (4) simulation of the atmosphere (dry and wet) for simulated bands of ASTER-TIR and (5) an image L1B ASTER-TIR of the study area validated with the AST08 product. As a result, it was possible to estimate the temperature with errors less than 0.2K from laboratory data and with mean error less than 1.5K from L1B ASTER-TIR images. Furthermore, the method requires only a spectral band in the image, enabling their application in monospectral thermal sensors. Satisfactory results were obtained with a simple linear regression and improved by increasing the wavelength. However, increasing the wavelength and, simultaneously, the degree of polynomial regression the results also improve with respect to linear regression results, but this improvement is insignificant, and thus the linear fit is the best option. Thus, the proposed method has shown promise, signaling that further research is needed.
5

Estimativa da temperatura-emissividade de alvos com base em regressões de dados de sensoriamento remoto proximal

Grondona, Atilio Efrain Bica January 2015 (has links)
O infravermelho termal (TIR - Thermal InfraRed) é uma porção do espectro eletromagnético com várias aplicações no Sensoriamento Remoto (SR), tais como: geologia, climatologia, análises de processos biológicos, análises geofísicas, avaliação de desastres e detecção de mudanças, entre outras. No TIR a emissão de radiação dos alvos é uma função não linear de duas variáveis, a emissividade e a temperatura do alvo, e a principal dificuldade é calcular/estimar tais variáveis separadamente e de forma confiável. Vários métodos foram desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas para mitigar esta indeterminação, mas independente do método todos tem a mesma deficiência, são desenvolvidos para aplicações específicas como o tipo de sensor, tipo de estudo, o alvo em análise, o número de alvos, tipo de clima, entre outros. Desta forma, o método a ser aplicado depende do estudo em questão, e para obter melhores resultados deve-se escolher o método que melhor se aplica ao problema estudado pelo analista. Neste trabalho, se propõe uma abordagem alternativa para estimar a temperatura e, portanto, a emissividade de um alvo em particular. A abordagem consiste em gerar regressões, em determinados comprimentos de onda, a partir da função linearizada da radiância para dados de laboratório de uma amostra de quartzo em diferentes temperaturas, medida sob condições controladas de humidade e temperatura do ambiente. As regressões visam modelar a variação na temperatura devido as variações na radiância do alvo, de modo a estimar a temperatura a partir da radiância em determinado comprimento de onda e sem o conhecimento prévio da emissividade do alvo. Os dados de laboratório foram divididos em dois grupos, treinamento e controle, no grupo de treinamento várias regressões polinomiais foram aplicados enquanto os dados de controle serviram para validar e avaliar as regressões. Foram realizados 5 experimentos: 1) dados de laboratório em comprimentos de onda específicos, 2) nos comprimentos de ondas centrais das bandas TIR-ASTER, 3) nas simulações das bandas TIR-ASTER, 4) com a simulação da atmosfera (seca e úmida) para as bandas simuladas TIRASTER e 5) numa imagem L1B TIR-ASTER da região de estudo e validado com o produto AST08. Como resultado, foi possível estimar a temperatura com erros menores que 0.2K para os dados de laboratório e com erro médio menor que 1.5K para imagens LIB TIR-ASTER. Além disso, o método requer apenas uma banda espectral na imagem, viabilizando sua aplicação em sensores termais monoespectrais. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos com uma regressão linear simples, e melhoram ao aumentar o comprimento de onda. No entanto, aumentando o comprimento de onda e, simultaneamente, o grau do polinômio da regressão os resultados também melhoram com relação a regressão linear, porém não são significativos, e desta forma o ajuste linear é a melhor opção. Desta forma, o método proposto se mostrou promissor, sinalizando que futuras pesquisas são necessárias. / The thermal infrared (TIR) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with multiple remote Sensing applications in the field of geology, climatology, biological processes analysis, geophysical analysis, disaster assessment, change detection and many others. In TIR, radiation emission of the target is a nonlinear function of two unknowns – the emissivity and the temperature, and the main difficulty is to calculate/estimate these two variables separately and reliably. Several methods have been developed in the recent decades to mitigate this problem. However, regardless of the method, all have developed similar incapacities for specific applications such as the type of sensor, study type, the target in question, the number of targets, type of weather, among others. Thus, the method to be applied depends on the study in question and the best results can be reached choosing the best fit method for that problem. In this work, we propose an alternative approach for estimating the temperature, and therefore the emissivity, of a particular target. The approach consists of generating statistical regressions in some wavelengths from linearized radiance function of laboratory data from a quartz sample at different temperatures, measured under controlled conditions of humidity and room temperature. The aim of regressions is to model the variation in temperature due to the variations in the radiance of the target in order to estimate the temperature from radiance data on a certain wavelength and without prior knowledge of the target emissivity. Laboratory datasets were divided into two groups - training and control. In the training group, several polynomial regressions were applied while the control group served to validate and evaluate the regressions. Five experiments were performed: (1) laboratory data at specific wavelengths (2) the central wave lengths of ASTER-TIR bands (3) simulations of ASTER-TIR bands (4) simulation of the atmosphere (dry and wet) for simulated bands of ASTER-TIR and (5) an image L1B ASTER-TIR of the study area validated with the AST08 product. As a result, it was possible to estimate the temperature with errors less than 0.2K from laboratory data and with mean error less than 1.5K from L1B ASTER-TIR images. Furthermore, the method requires only a spectral band in the image, enabling their application in monospectral thermal sensors. Satisfactory results were obtained with a simple linear regression and improved by increasing the wavelength. However, increasing the wavelength and, simultaneously, the degree of polynomial regression the results also improve with respect to linear regression results, but this improvement is insignificant, and thus the linear fit is the best option. Thus, the proposed method has shown promise, signaling that further research is needed.
6

Estimativa da temperatura-emissividade de alvos com base em regressões de dados de sensoriamento remoto proximal

Grondona, Atilio Efrain Bica January 2015 (has links)
O infravermelho termal (TIR - Thermal InfraRed) é uma porção do espectro eletromagnético com várias aplicações no Sensoriamento Remoto (SR), tais como: geologia, climatologia, análises de processos biológicos, análises geofísicas, avaliação de desastres e detecção de mudanças, entre outras. No TIR a emissão de radiação dos alvos é uma função não linear de duas variáveis, a emissividade e a temperatura do alvo, e a principal dificuldade é calcular/estimar tais variáveis separadamente e de forma confiável. Vários métodos foram desenvolvidos nas últimas décadas para mitigar esta indeterminação, mas independente do método todos tem a mesma deficiência, são desenvolvidos para aplicações específicas como o tipo de sensor, tipo de estudo, o alvo em análise, o número de alvos, tipo de clima, entre outros. Desta forma, o método a ser aplicado depende do estudo em questão, e para obter melhores resultados deve-se escolher o método que melhor se aplica ao problema estudado pelo analista. Neste trabalho, se propõe uma abordagem alternativa para estimar a temperatura e, portanto, a emissividade de um alvo em particular. A abordagem consiste em gerar regressões, em determinados comprimentos de onda, a partir da função linearizada da radiância para dados de laboratório de uma amostra de quartzo em diferentes temperaturas, medida sob condições controladas de humidade e temperatura do ambiente. As regressões visam modelar a variação na temperatura devido as variações na radiância do alvo, de modo a estimar a temperatura a partir da radiância em determinado comprimento de onda e sem o conhecimento prévio da emissividade do alvo. Os dados de laboratório foram divididos em dois grupos, treinamento e controle, no grupo de treinamento várias regressões polinomiais foram aplicados enquanto os dados de controle serviram para validar e avaliar as regressões. Foram realizados 5 experimentos: 1) dados de laboratório em comprimentos de onda específicos, 2) nos comprimentos de ondas centrais das bandas TIR-ASTER, 3) nas simulações das bandas TIR-ASTER, 4) com a simulação da atmosfera (seca e úmida) para as bandas simuladas TIRASTER e 5) numa imagem L1B TIR-ASTER da região de estudo e validado com o produto AST08. Como resultado, foi possível estimar a temperatura com erros menores que 0.2K para os dados de laboratório e com erro médio menor que 1.5K para imagens LIB TIR-ASTER. Além disso, o método requer apenas uma banda espectral na imagem, viabilizando sua aplicação em sensores termais monoespectrais. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos com uma regressão linear simples, e melhoram ao aumentar o comprimento de onda. No entanto, aumentando o comprimento de onda e, simultaneamente, o grau do polinômio da regressão os resultados também melhoram com relação a regressão linear, porém não são significativos, e desta forma o ajuste linear é a melhor opção. Desta forma, o método proposto se mostrou promissor, sinalizando que futuras pesquisas são necessárias. / The thermal infrared (TIR) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with multiple remote Sensing applications in the field of geology, climatology, biological processes analysis, geophysical analysis, disaster assessment, change detection and many others. In TIR, radiation emission of the target is a nonlinear function of two unknowns – the emissivity and the temperature, and the main difficulty is to calculate/estimate these two variables separately and reliably. Several methods have been developed in the recent decades to mitigate this problem. However, regardless of the method, all have developed similar incapacities for specific applications such as the type of sensor, study type, the target in question, the number of targets, type of weather, among others. Thus, the method to be applied depends on the study in question and the best results can be reached choosing the best fit method for that problem. In this work, we propose an alternative approach for estimating the temperature, and therefore the emissivity, of a particular target. The approach consists of generating statistical regressions in some wavelengths from linearized radiance function of laboratory data from a quartz sample at different temperatures, measured under controlled conditions of humidity and room temperature. The aim of regressions is to model the variation in temperature due to the variations in the radiance of the target in order to estimate the temperature from radiance data on a certain wavelength and without prior knowledge of the target emissivity. Laboratory datasets were divided into two groups - training and control. In the training group, several polynomial regressions were applied while the control group served to validate and evaluate the regressions. Five experiments were performed: (1) laboratory data at specific wavelengths (2) the central wave lengths of ASTER-TIR bands (3) simulations of ASTER-TIR bands (4) simulation of the atmosphere (dry and wet) for simulated bands of ASTER-TIR and (5) an image L1B ASTER-TIR of the study area validated with the AST08 product. As a result, it was possible to estimate the temperature with errors less than 0.2K from laboratory data and with mean error less than 1.5K from L1B ASTER-TIR images. Furthermore, the method requires only a spectral band in the image, enabling their application in monospectral thermal sensors. Satisfactory results were obtained with a simple linear regression and improved by increasing the wavelength. However, increasing the wavelength and, simultaneously, the degree of polynomial regression the results also improve with respect to linear regression results, but this improvement is insignificant, and thus the linear fit is the best option. Thus, the proposed method has shown promise, signaling that further research is needed.
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Metóda najemnších štvorcov genetickým algoritmom / Least squares method using genetic algorithm

Holec, Matúš January 2011 (has links)
This thesis describes the design and implementation of genetic algorithm for approximation of non-linear mathematical functions using the least squares method. One objective of this work is to theoretically describe the basics of genetic algorithms. The second objective is to create a program that would be potentially used to approximate empirically measured data by the scientific institutions. Besides the theoretical description of the given subject, the text part of the work mainly deals with the design of the genetic algorithm and the whole application solving the given problem. Specific part of the assignment is that the developed application has to support approximation of points by various mathematical non-linear functions in several different intervals, and then it has to insure, that resulting functions are continuous throughout all the intervals. Described functionality is not offered by any available software.
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A comparison of some methods of modeling baseline hazard function in discrete survival models

Mashabela, Mahlageng Retang 20 September 2019 (has links)
MSc (Statistics) / Department of Statistics / The baseline parameter vector in a discrete-time survival model is determined by the number of time points. The larger the number of the time points, the higher the dimension of the baseline parameter vector which often leads to biased maximum likelihood estimates. One of the ways to overcome this problem is to use a simpler parametrization that contains fewer parameters. A simulation approach was used to compare the accuracy of three variants of penalised regression spline methods in smoothing the baseline hazard function. Root mean squared error (RMSE) analysis suggests that generally all the smoothing methods performed better than the model with a discrete baseline hazard function. No single smoothing method outperformed the other smoothing methods. These methods were also applied to data on age at rst alcohol intake in Thohoyandou. The results from real data application suggest that there were no signi cant di erences amongst the estimated models. Consumption of other drugs, having a parent who drinks, being a male and having been abused in life are associated with high chances of drinking alcohol very early in life. / NRF
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Transições de fase e processos de nucleação no espaço de regras de autômatos celulares / Phase transitions and nucleation processes in cellular automata rule space

Reia, Sandro Martinelli 02 September 2011 (has links)
O autômato celular Game of LIFE (GL) exibe comportamento coletivo não-trivial (Classe IV de Wolfram) a partir de regras locais simples. Na década de 1990, conjecturou-se que o autômato seria um exemplo de sistema não-conservativo com criticalidade auto-organizada. Nesse trabalho refutamos essa conjectura verificando que o regime transiente para estados absorventes não escala de forma correta para redes grandes. Usando uma aproximação de campo médio com considerações sobre interfaces para a rede quadrada, definimos um parâmetro de controle sigma0 relacionado com a razão de ramificação da interface da fase absorvente. A partir da análise de um grande número de autômatos celulares (6144), encontramos uma transição de fase descontínua no espaço de regras dos autômatos celulares totalistas. Também encontramos que o GL é um autômato celular quasi-crítico, com sigma0=1.006, ou seja, o GL equivale a um processo de nucleação quasi-crítico. Mostramos que essa quasi-criticalidade é resultado da coexistência e competição entre a fase viva e a fase morta: embora o LIFE esteja destinado à extinção (ao estado absorvente morto), o decaimento é adiado devido a um forte ralentamento crítico. / The cellular automaton Game of LIFE exhibits non-trivial collective behavior (Wolfram Class IV) from local simple rules. In the 1990s, it was conjectured that the automaton would be an example of self-organized criticality in non-conservative systems. In this work we refute this conjecture by verifying that the transient regime to absorbing states does not scale for large lattice sizes. By using a mean-field approximation with considerations about interfaces in square lattices, we define a control parameter sigma0 related to the interfacial absorbing phase branching rate. From the analysis of a large number of cellular automata (6144), we find a discontinuous phase transition in the cellular automata rule space. We also find that LIFE is a quasi-critical cellular automaton, with sigma0=1.006, that is, LIFE is a quasi-critical nucleation process. It is shown that this quasi-criticality is a result of coexistence and competition between the living and dead phases: although LIFE is destined to extinction (to the dead absorbing state), this decay is delayed due to a strong critical slowing down.
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Propriedades de transporte em meios granulares unidimensionais

Pinto, Italo ivo Lima Dias 25 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1279127 bytes, checksum: 1105a6754e6a3c23ca4d9086f96248a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We study two problems involving granular media, the heat transport in viscous granular gases and the mechanical pulse propagation in a granular chains of toroidal ring. To study the heat transport in granular gases, we consider two mechanisms of viscous dissipation during collisions between grains. In the first mechanism, the dissipative force is proportional to the speed of the grain and dissipates not only energy but also momentum. On the other hand, the dissipative force is proportional to the relative velocity of grains and therefore conserves momentum when it dissipates energy. This allows us to explore the role of the conservation of momentum in the heat transport properties of one-dimensional nonlinear systems. We found a thermal conductivity not divergent with or without conservation of momentum. For the system where there is conservation of momentum we obtain the heat flux decreases faster than the energy loss by inelastic dissipation due to shocks, unlike what happens with the momentum conserving system, indicating that the conservation of momentum has a role relevant. We also implemented an approximation of binary collisions to study the propagation of pulses in a onedimensional chain of O-rings. In particular, we get the analytical results from which the pulse velocity is obtained by simple quadrature. The pulse velocity thus calculated is compared with the velocity obtained by numerical integration of the equations of motion. We study chains with and without precompression, chains precompressed by a constant force at both ends (constant precompression), chains precompressed by gravity (variable precompression). The application of binary collisions approximation for precompressed chains gives us an important generalization of a theory, which until then had been developed for chains without precompression, in other words sonic vacuum state. The velocities calculated using the approximation of binary collisions showed a good agreement with the results obtained from numerical simulations, with relative errors lesser than 8%. / Estudamos dois problemas envolvendo meios granulares, o transporte de calor em gases granulares viscosos e a propagação de pulsos mecânicos em cadeias granulares de anéis toróidais. Para estudar o transporte de calor em gases granulares, consideramos dois mecanismos de dissipação viscosa durante as colisões entre grãos. No primeiro mecanismo, a força dissipativa é proporcional á velocidade do grão e dissipa não apenas energia mas também momentum. No outro, a força dissipativa é proporcional a velocidade relativa dos grãos e portanto conserva momento mesmo quando dissipa energia. Isso nos permite explorar o papel da conservação do momento nas propriedades de transporte de calor desse sistema não linear unidimensional. Encontramos uma condutividade térmica não divergente com ou sem conservação de momento. Para o sistema onde não há conservação do momento obtemos que o fluxo de calor decresce mais rapidamente do que a perda de energia por dissipação devido aos choques inelásticos, diferente do que ocorre no sistema com momento conservado, indicando que a conservação de momento apresenta um papel relevante. Também implementamos uma aproximação de colisões binárias para estudar a propagação de pulsos em uma cadeia de unidimensional de anéis toroidais (O-rings). Em particular, chegamos a resultados analíticos a partir dos quais a velocidade do pulso é obtida por quadratura simples. A velocidade do pulso assim calculada é comparada com a velocidade obtida por integraçãoo numérica das equações de movimento. Estudamos cadeias com e sem precompressão, cadeias precomprimidas por uma força constante nas duas extremidades, (precompressão constante) e cadeias precomprimidas pela gravidade (precompressão variável). A aplicação da aproximação de colisões binárias para cadeias precomprimidas nos dá uma importante generalização de uma teoria que até então só havia sido desenvolvida para cadeias sem precompressão, ou seja, para cadeias em vácuo sônico. As velocidades calculadas usando a aproximação de colisões binárias apresentaram uma boa concordância com os resultados obtidos a partir das simulações numéricas, com erros relativos inferiores a 8%.

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