Les endocannabinoïdes, anandamide (AEA) et 2-arachidonoylglycérol (2-AG), appartiennent au système endocannabinoïde et sont impliqués dans la régulation de nombreux systèmes biologiques. Ils ont un rôle dans la modulation du système immunitaire et la défense anti-tumorale. Dans cette étude, nous avons montré que l'AEA et le 2-AG peuvent moduler l'activation des cellules Natural Killer CD56 + CD3- (NK) et des cellules NK92. A de faibles doses, ils potentialisent la production d'IFN γ induite par des doses suboptimales d'IL-12, d'IL-15 et d'IL-2. En outre, l'AEA et le 2-AG potentialisent la cytotoxicité des cellules NK. Des expériences de quantification des transcrits codant FasL, TRAIL, perforine et granzyme et des expériences d'inhibition indiquent que cette augmentation de la cytotoxicité est corrélée à une augmentation de l'expression de FasL, tandis que la production de granzyme, de perforine et l'expression TRAIL reste inchangées. Les effets des endocannabinoides sur les cellules NK sont inhibés en présence d'un antagoniste du récepteur endocannabinoidien de type 2 (CB2). Ces travaux in vitro on été confirmés in vivo sur un model de tumeur murine. Les cellules NK murines stimulées ex-vivo par les endocannabinoides et réinjectées en intra-tumoral, induisent un ralentissement significatif de la croissance tumorale Ces résultats montrent pour la première fois que les endocannabinoïdes AEA et 2-AG utilisées à faible dose sont impliqués dans la modulation des activités régulatrices (objectivée par la production d'IFN γ) et cytotoxiques des cellules NK.

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid mediators involved in various biological processes, and have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamine, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are the main representatives of this group. The endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 with AEA have been found in human HaCaT keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but the metabolic pathway leading to endocannabinoid production in the skin has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the profile of endocannabinoids and their main metabolizing enzymes in human skin cells and assess whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) altered these profiles. In addition, an investigation was carried out to check whether UV radiation could stimulate the production of endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines (NAE) in human skin cells. For this purpose HaCaT keratinocytes and 46RB.1N fibroblast cells were treated with 10 and 50µM of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or oleic acid (OA) in the presence or absence of UVR (15mJ/cm2). Data suggest that n-3 PUFA may both directly (by up-regulating NAPE-PLD levels) and indirectly (by decreasing FAAH levels) increased endocannabinoid and NAE levels in HaCaT keratinocytes and 46BR.IN fibroblasts. DHA treatment significantly decreased COX-2 expression in the absence of UVR and inhibited UVR-induced COX-2 overexpression in 46BR.IN fibroblasts. In contrast, DHA appeared to induce COX-2 up-regulation in the absence of UVR and did not prevent UVR induced COX-2 up-regulation in HaCaT keratinocytes. EPA appeared to induce COX-2 down-regulation in the absence of UVR and did not prevent UVR induced COX-2 up-regulation in both HaCaT keratinocytes and 46BR.IN fibroblasts. UVR did not have any significant effect on endocannabinoid and NAE biosynthesis. However, UVR induced endocannabinoid production in some experiments of this study. A clinical study was carried on 16 volunteers from two different ethnic groups and two different skin types. The purpose was to assess the effect of UVR on the serum endocannabinoids and NAE, therefore, the volunteers were subjected to multiple doses (1.3, SED/ 6 min) of UVR for 6 weeks. Data showed that UVR did not have major effect on human serum NAE in both skin phototypes II and V but increased 2-AG in human serum in both skin types but the more pronounced effect was evident in skin phototypes V rather than in skin phototypes II. Human serum docosahxaenoylethanolamide levels were found to be higher in White Caucasians group (skin phototypes II). Based on these it can be concluded that n-3 PUFA and UVR alter the endocannabinoids and NAE profile in HaCaT keratinocytes and 46BR.IN fibroblasts. In addition, results of the clinical study indicated that UVR has no major effects on serum endocannabinoids or NAE therefore, further studies are required to address this question in vivo.

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