ABSTRACT Botanic Garden User Outcomes: A Means-End Investigation Christopher Lee Wassenberg This study explored the outcomes that Leaning Pine Arboretum users experience from visiting the botanic garden. Understanding visitor motivations and benefits has been a focus in the field of outdoor recreation, and the subject of a number of botanic garden and green space visitor studies. Previous studies have found that visiting a botanic garden can serve as a coping strategy for dealing with and reducing life stress (Holbrook, 2010; Kohlleppel, Bradley, & Jacob, 2002; Maller, Townsend, Pryor, Brown, & St Leger, 2005) and that visiting public outdoor green spaces led visitors to experience greater exposure to natural spaces and to have meaningful experiences with others (Burgess, Harrison, & Limb, 1988). This study employed means-end theory (Gutman, 1982) to investigate the link between garden attributes and user outcomes. In-person interviews were conducted with 83 garden visitors during the summer of 2011. Researchers coded the interview data to identify participants’ reported attributes, consequences, and values. Intercoder reliability was conducted to ensure validity of the results. Coded data were entered into the Laddermap (Gengler & Reynolds, 1995) computer software program to be analyzed. Implication matrixes were created to determine the number of times concepts were linked. From the implication matrixes, hierarchical value maps (HVMs) were developed to display the results graphically. HVMs show the strength of links between attributes, consequences, and values, and were used to compare results from different visitor groups within the study. These groups included males and females, students and non-students, and first time and return visitors. The findings revealed that participants felt that the botanic garden and plants were the most meaningful garden attributes. These garden attributes led participants to experience the consequences new experiences and learning stress and relief and relaxation. Having experienced these meaningful consequences allowed participants to reach the most frequently mentioned values: transference and improved quality of life. The study found important links between attributes, consequences, and values, including the consequences escape and stress relief and relaxation, and the consequence new experiences and learning, and the value transference. Important differences were also found between the attribute, consequence, and value chains of multiple visitor groups. Botanical garden and arboretum mangers may use this study to improve visitor experiences and outcomes. A better understanding of visitor benefits and outcomes can help managers understand the needs of current visitors, potential visitors, and potential garden supporters. In turn, garden visitors who have better experiences may be more inclined to provide funding or other support to conserve and preserve their local gardens. Based on the results garden managers should maintain a broad range of healthy, well-displayed plants; exert high-levels of detail to all aspects of garden operations; continue to provide opportunities for full visitor immersion; and offer unified, accessible interpretation of garden spaces and plants. Additionally, these results may be used to validate funding requests and guide allocation of funding. Keywords: Botanic garden users, outcomes, means-end theory, Leaning Pine Arboretum

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2002. / Title from title page screen (viewed Feb. 26, 2003). Thesis advisor: Paris Lambdin. Document formatted into pages (viii, 87 p. : ill. (some col.), 1 col. map). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-75).

The objective of this study was to investigate K, Ca, and Mg immobilization in the stem of species typical of the hardwood forest of southern Quebec. The species examined included American basswood, sugar maple, and white ash from a rich site, and American beech, red oak, and red maple from a poor site. Firstly, rates of immobilization were evaluated over a time span of 40 years. Higher rates of immobilization in the wood only were generally observed on the rich site. Sugar maple immobilized Ca at an elevated rate during 1978--1997, in comparison to the other species on site. In the case of Ca for white ash, and Ca and Mg for red oak, a low wood element concentration and a high rate of growth was associated with a low rate of immobilization. Mean annual immobilization rates on a whole stem basis were also determined for the life of the tree. These results suggest that American basswood and red oak immobilize significant amounts of Mg and Ca in their bark, respectively. / In a second study, concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg across the radial section of the stem (heartwood, transitional, sapwood, and bark) were determined. In a majority of cases, the bark was highest in concentration of base cations. Whereas, for the woody portion of the stem, concentrations were generally highest in the heartwood.

The goal of the creative project was to provide recommendations for renovating the Holliday Park Arboretum based upon existing conditions, tree species, open space analysis and interpretive activities.All trees within the Holliday Park Arboretum were mapped, tagged and identified by species. An Indiana native tree species list was developed and compared to the existing tree species in the arboretum. It was then determined how many native and exotic trees existed in the arboretum. Native tree species not existing in the arboretum were placed on a separate list to establish which native trees were needed to have a representative of each native tree in the arboretum.An open space analysis was conducted to determine potential planting areas within the arboretum and the number of additional native trees that could be planted in those spaces. Recommendations were provided for the selection and planting of native trees as part of the renovation process that can be used by the park administration. / Department of Landscape Architecture

This thesis deals with design of a new trees exposure in the arboretum in Kostelec nad Černými lesy, where model of wetland habitats will be created. Emphasis is placed on the supplement autochthonous species especially willow - Salix. A literature review provides information about Arboretum Kostelec nad Černými lesy and compositional principles. It is focused on wetlands, floodplain forest and it is willow communities. Thesis includes the characteristic of the area and it's natural conditions. Inventory of area were made in the practical part. Botanical survey detect current vegetation cover. The area of interest was evaluated from the botanical point of view. Evaluation of the health condition of trees was done to improve the condition of existing vegetation and habitat model layout. Treatment and the existing vegetation felling, was proposed. Map outputs of the research were processed in ArcGIS 10.1. Exposure design was drawn in AutoCAD 2016. List of recommended trees that is based on analysis of Czech and foreign sources was created. Pathway and information system for visitors that use the QR code was designed. The results of this thesis can be applied in practice in Arboretum Kostelec. Model of wetland habitats can be used for research and educational purposes.

Diploma thesis Health condition of trees in the arboretum Bukovina explains the damage of trees, tree diseases, impacts of deseases in its theoretical part. It also includes a brief summary of biotic and abiotic factors that cause damage. The Manionova stress theory, which clearly indicates the gradual effect of stressors on the species, is described. The second chapter is focused on the ways how is the health condition of trees assessed. The typical rating scale is also mentioned. The methodics is focused on finding damage of trees or other anomalies with subsequent determination of the method of damage in the area of the arboretum. Location arboretum in the area Hruboskalsko rock town gives the possibility to find such damages that are typical for dense, mature stands. The first trees were planted in arboretum in 1860, so it is expected that on this old trees many diseases are evident. I focused on introduced tree species that are typical for this arboretum, it is also mentioned visible damage of native woods. The result of the work is to evaluate the status of selected species and the end of the thesis show the table with the detected results. At the end of the discussion the results are confronted and some recommendations are proposed.

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I investigated oribatid mite assemblages in a beech-maple forest in southwestern Quebec. I first examined the effects of four forest stand types (American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) dominated, Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) dominated, mixed deciduous and coniferous plantations) and three open site types (agricultural field, fallow pasture and unmanaged hay field) in structuring oribatid mite assemblages. My second study focused on the effects of changes in litter depth (a factor that varies by stand type) on the structure of oribatid assemblages. / Stand type was shown to be an important factor in determining oribatid mite abundances, species richness and assemblage composition. Results from the second study confirm this, but revealed no effect of changes in litter depth on oribatid mite assemblages. These findings serve to demonstrate that while examining specific environmental factors as determinants of oribatid mite diversity and distribution is important, more general factors such as habitat type cannot be ignored.