Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / Geometries and geometric systems are not architecture, though architecture is geometric. Geometries and geometric systems, because of their autonomous nature, are generally understandable and can serve as the basis of communicable patterns expressed in architectural form, even though they are not necessarily at the base of man's structural understanding of environmental order. As a method of illustration, this study focuses on the geometry of the square, realizing its persistent and valued use in architectural works of all peoples, in all cultures, throughout all of history. The square is considered as the basic geometric unit which generates the cube, the grid, and the frame. The square and its derivatives are examined with regard to their inherent quantitative, qualitative, and structural properties. The square/orthogonal organization is compared both to concentric and to topological organizations and is shown to have special value as a structure for man's physical/architectural environment. The observance of orthogonal and concentric organizations as experiential phenomena in nature is found to have a major influence on the meanings and symbolic significance which these systems have historically held. Some historical examples are shown to illustrate the functional and symbolic roles that the square/cube, circle/sphere, and grid/frame have played in the structuring of architectural space and form. Some architectural compositions within a square plan, by a number of modern and contemporary architects, are analyzed, focusing on: (1) the descriptive nature of the relationship between functional/formal organization and the geometric structure of the square, and (2) the value that the square holds in these architects' work. Finally, the square is shown to be the basis for two general systems of measure: (1) open grids, and (2) grids of symmetry. The character of these systems are illustrated through their appearance in the structuring of natural form. Historical examples are then presented to show these systems' use and value in architecture. / by Alan Royal Joslin. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68). / The art of facade design seems to have been lost in the course of adoption of Modern Architectural doctrines. The facades of Casa Batllo by Antonio Gaudi and Chateau de Maisons by Francois Mansart are analyzed for the purpose of exploring alternatives to the functional, inarticulate elevations of Modern Architecture. This study seeks to expose the concepts and methods underlying the facade design of Casa Batllo and Chateau de Maisons so that their principles may be abstracted and applied by the contemporary designer. The criterion governing the selection of these buildings is made explicit in the course of the analysis. / by Valerie Thiel. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Louis Perouse. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographies. / The photography of architecture is more than a simple tool to record facts about specific buildings. Photography can be used to communicate insights and perceptions about the role of architecture in society and our personal relationship to the architectural environment. This is a study of certain artists, and photographers who have broadened the concept of documentation of architecture. Photographic documents provide factual information as well as personal attitudes and expressive statements. The personal observations of artist/photographers are vital to a wider understanding of the built environment. A wider understanding is a necessary prerequisite to improving that environment. / by Robert H. ALter. / M.S.V.S.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1954. / "February 1954." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [221]-[230]). / Derek R.H. Phillips. / M.Arch.

Thesis. 1975. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / M.Arch.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This master’s thesis presents an investigation on the effects of fatigue on fiber- reinforced polymers (FRP) when applied to masonry walls subjected to out-of-plane loading. The project aims to provide further research and add to the general testing database of FRP enhanced masonry. An introduction to the problems and solutions associated with unreinforced masonry is discussed along with a literature review on previous testing done in the field of FRP enhanced masonry. The investigation on the effects of fatigue on FRP when applied to masonry walls subjected to out-of-plane loading is performed through experimental testing. A total of four wall specimens (6 ft x 4 ft x 8 in) were constructed. One of the specimens was left unreinforced and used as a baseline for testing while the remaining three specimens were reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips designed to take the out-of-plane loads capable of creating the cracking moment in the unreinforced wall. The material testing, construction of the test specimens, and CFRP application are all presented in this thesis. With the use of an oscillating shake table to generate the out-of-plane loading, the walls were fixed at the base and cantilevered from the shake table. By determining the frequency and amplitude that generated the cracking moment in the baseline unreinforced wall, the remaining three CFRP reinforced walls were tested at the same frequency and amplitude. The results from the testing of the three CFRP reinforced walls are presented along with time histories showing the shake table displacement and wall’s tip displacement versus time. In general, fatigue of masonry walls reinforced with CFRP strips can be managed as long as the out-of-plane reinforcement has sufficient strength and development length. Additional findings were made as a result from the testing. The development length of a vertical CFRP strip can be increased by adding a horizontal CFRP strips near the critical section and surface damage to CFRP may have severe consequences.

Byggsektorn är en stor bidragande faktor till växthusgasutsläpp och hållbart byggande bör ta större plats på byggmarknaden. Att få en samsyn runt hållbart byggande är en stor utmaning då det finns många splittrade aktörer inom sektorn som ska få en gemensam målbild över vad hållbart byggande är. Detta examensarbete avser att bidra med ökad kunskap gällande utmaningar som byggsektorn står inför inom hållbart byggande. Detta genom att studera samsynen gällande mål och aktiviteter; om var vi är på väg, hur vi ska ta oss dit och vilka utmaningar som kan identifieras genom eventuella glapp mellan mål och aktiviteter samt mellan olika aktörers syn på detta. En omvärldsanalys genomfördes som visade på målbilder grundade i myndigheters-, byggbranschorganisationers- och forskares perspektiv. Med stöd av backcasting-metoden sammanställdes detta till en målbild om var Sverige bör vara år 2050 med fokus på växthusgasutsläpp, energiförbrukning, energianvändning samt avfall. Med utgångspunkt i denna identifierades de aktiviteter som myndigheter, byggbranschorganisationer och forskare anser ska leda till att nå målbilden. Backcasting-metoden utgör en central del i analysen av resultatet från omvärldsanalysen och bidrar till en diskussion om var det potentiellt kan finnas glapp eller olika och motstridiga uppfattningar om hållbart byggande med särskilt fokus på styrmedel. Med särskilt fokus på styrmedel avses var styrmedel kunnat identifieras, var det saknats och var det skiljts sig åt i uppfattningen om vilka styrmedel som behövs. Återigen med stöd av backcastingen diskuteras den sammanställda målbilden och de identifierade aktiviteterna sedan ur ett företagsperspektiv med stöd av resultatet från en intervjustudie med fyra byggaktörer. Slutsatser som kunnat dras är att inom vissa aktiviteter finns inte styrmedel identifierade utifrån alla perspektiv. I omvärldsanalysen identifieras styrmedel som något som ska ge incitament till begränsning eller ökning av en vara eller tjänst och en brist på styrmedel skulle kunna vara resultatet av olika eller motstridiga uppfattningar gällande vem eller vilka som ska bidra med det. Utifrån omvärldsanalysen, backcastingen och intervjustudien kan det urskiljas att det finns en övergripande samsyn runt målbilder, mindre samsyn runt vägen dit och på vem eller vilka som ska ansvara för att aktiviteterna på vägen dit ska genomföras. Mycket av det aktörerna nämner och pratar om går att koppla samman och väva in i aktiviteterna samt den sammanställda målbilden för år 2050, och mycket av det som identifierats i omvärldsanalysen tas hänsyn till av aktörerna. Slutligen kan resultatet av omvärldsanalysen, backcastingen och intervjustudien tolkas som att det kommer krävas tydligare styrmedel för att kunna knyta ihop säcken. Detta inte bara för att uppnå den sammanställda målbilden utan för att skapa en större överensstämmande bild av det hållbara byggandet i Sverige mellan olika aktörer.

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