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Thesis (M.S. - Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references.

The Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona is a peer-reviewed monograph series sponsored by the School of Anthropology. Established in 1959, the series publishes archaeological and ethnographic papers that use contemporary method and theory to investigate problems of anthropological importance in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and related areas.

I evaluated methods of preventing desert mule deer from drowning in the concrete-lined Mohawk Canal, southwest Arizona, and monitored the movements of deer using this canal. A 15 km study section of the Mohawk Canal where most previous drownings occurred was checked 478 times from June 1982 through September 1985 and 5,307 deer-canal interactions (DCI) were recorded. Ninety-eight percent of the DCI were recorded from April through September. Deer fell into this canal ≥ 279 times: 116 escaped via steps, 79 via ramps, and 50 escaped unaided. Only 5 deer drowned in sections of the Mohawk Canal with escape structures; 7 deer and 2 bighorn sheep drowned in sections without escape structures. Deer approached the canal to drink, not to cross. Maintaining depths to water of ≤ 30 cm will reduce the number of deer falling into the canal. The Mohawk Canal escape structures are adequately designed and spaced to prevent most summer mortalities. Deer use of 2 water catchments build to provide alternate water sources for deer drinking from the Mohawk Canal increased significantly each year. Each time a deer drank from these catchments was one less opportunity for a deer to fall into the canal. I monitored desert mule deer movements in a xeric region of the Sonoran Desert from October 1982 through November 1984 to determine the influence water availability and rainfall patterns have on deer movements. Ten of 15 radio-collared deer monitored for >1 year migrated to areas with permanent water in April or May and left those areas soon after summer rains started. Deer did not migrate to areas receiving the most summer rainfall. Home range sizes are larger (annual x = 145.2 km², range = 47.0 - 566.6 km²) than any previously reported for mule deer.

The research discussed in this study involves examining Late Archaic settlement and subsistence practices in the Tucson Basin. The Late Archaic encompasses the time period from 3000 BP until the adoption of ceramics, ca. AD 200, and witness many changes in adaptation including a reduction in residential mobility and the adoption of cultigens. Data from excavations of Late Archaic sites in the Tucson Basin and elsewhere in the southern desert have documented agricultural villages dispersed along major waterways by 2500 BP. Much of the research has been limited to excavation of sites in single environmental zones, primarily the floodplain, however, and limited information on exploitation or occupation of other ecological zones has been available. This study uses a regional data base to examine Late Archaic occupation of all ecological zones in the Tucson Basin. The Tucson Basin Survey, a 100 percent survey of the Northern Tucson Basin, has provided a unique opportunity for interpreting Late Archaic settlement and subsistence. Late Archaic site distributions are analyzed and assemblage and other site data are used to determine potential roles of sites within the Late Archaic settlement system. The Tucson Basin environment is examined to determine its influence on settlement and subsistence practices. Existing models of Late Archaic settlement-subsistence systems are evaluated using the survey data, and three potential settlement-subsistence models are proposed.

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This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

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