Magister Legum - LLM / Contrary to Common perception, corruption is not all that ails Africa. It is only a component of the multifaceted economic criminality that leads to illicit capital flight from developing states and those undergoing political transition. The siphoning away of economic resources has a devastating impact on such countries, both economically and socially. This leads to an erosion of public confidence in government departments and in the administration of justice generally. The clandestine nature of economic criminality makes it particularly hard to prosecute. There has thus been an international consensus that asset recovery would be the most apt mode of deterrence and reparation. Having its genesis in the 1989 Vienna convention, asset recovery has now become a useful tool with which developing countries can recoup some of the assets plundered by criminals. The United Nations Convention against corruption has also made it possible for states to recover stolen assets by way of non--‐criminal or non--‐conviction—based procedures. The main challenge for developing states is to make international treaties part of their national law. The democratization of former dictatorial states, especially those in Africa, also means that whatever international norms are domesticated in national legislation, should be in line with the tenets of their respective democratic constitutions, thus making them legally irreproachable. This paper evaluates Zambia’s Forfeiture of proceeds of crime Act. It discusses Zambia’s asset recovery provisions against the backdrop of international benchmarks and the laws of a few other countries that also have asset recovery laws. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations.

Magister Legum - LLM / Today corruption is a major concern for most countries.1 Civil forfeiture of the proceeds of corruption has been embraced as a key strategy by many states in recovering public funds lost through corruption.2 It may be defined as a remedial statutory device designed to recover the proceeds of a crime as well as its instrumentalities.3 Originally, asset recovery regimes adopted by most states were predominantly criminal forfeiture. This mode of forfeiture is preceded by a conviction, after which the state takes possession of the proceeds of the crime from a convicted individual.4 Its proceedings are in personam and the standard of proof is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, actual forfeiture only takes place after the issue of a conviction order. As a consequence, it is always lengthy and often results in delayed realisation of the proceeds of crime. 5 The inherent weaknesses of criminal forfeiture gave birth to the idea of developing a civil forfeiture system.6 This mode is different from the former in that its proceedings are in rem. Hence the standard of proof is proof on a balance of probabilities and a conviction order is not required.7

La criminalità organizzata ha aumentato la propria presenza nell’economia legale attraverso l’infiltrazione in aziende, generando così delle conseguenze negative per il sistema economico e alterando le relazioni tra attori economici. Molti paesi europei hanno adottato dei sistemi di recupero di capitali illeciti, ma l’Italia è la sola che prevede anche il recupero di aziende come misura di contrasto efficace. La politica di recupero dei capitali illeciti dovrebbe ridurre l’infiltrazione della criminalità organizzata nelle aziende, ma ad oggi è assente una valutazione la politica di recupero delle aziende infiltrate da gruppi criminali. Questa tesi intende valutare la politica di recupero delle aziende infiltrate dalla criminalità organizzata in Italia. L’analisi riguarda la valutazione dell’efficacia, efficienza e impatto di questa politica e, attraverso lo studio di nove casi, propone un nuovo quadro di analisi che combina diversi metodi (es. analisi degli indici di bilancio) e fonti (es. casi giudiziari e bilanci). Lo studio dei casi mostra che il recupero delle aziende è efficace se l’amministratore giudiziario ha esperienze manageriali; è efficiente se i procedimenti di recupero sono brevi e l’azienda viene destinata ad uso sociale; ed ha un impatto positivo se i media e le associazioni locali si interessano alle sorti dell’azienda. / By misusing legitimate businesses, organised crime is increasingly present in legal economies, generating serious consequences for legal systems and distorting relationships among legal actors. Several European countries have adopted asset-recovery regimes, but Italy is the only one that foresees the confiscation of companies as an effective countermeasure. Taking profits out of crime should curtail its infiltration into legitimate businesses, but there are no evaluations of the recovery of companies once infiltrated by organised crime. This study aims to evaluate the recovery of confiscated companies infiltrated by organised crime in Italy. It measures the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of this policy, and, analysing nine cases to assess the achievement of the policy objectives, proposes a new analytical framework that combines different methods (e.g. financial ratio analysis) and sources (e.g. judicial files and balance sheets) to evaluate asset-recovery policies. The results from case studies show that the recovery of companies is effective if the legal administrator has managerial skills; it is efficient if the proceedings are short and the company is disposed to social reuse; and it has a positive impact if media and local associations show an interest in the company.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mylene Comploier.pdf: 6040902 bytes, checksum: ccbd2535803c7b949ceaf639f55b5f92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-03 / This study aims to make a critical analysis of the Brazilian management and disposal of apprehended goods seized, impounded, locked and specific foregone by the criminal justice system. Globalization has brought with it the international nature of crime. To face that issue, a new criminal policy has become part from the international agenda, settled on the tripod criminalizing money laundering, international legal cooperation and confiscation. A criminal law reaction is moved to a economic realm, since the application of imprisonment is considered too low to quell this new type of crime, especially in so-called 'white-collar offenses'. With this paradigm shift, several relevant international conventions and treaties ratified by Brazil, recommend the objective of placing the offender in the net assets it had before the perpetration of the crime, which gave body to the issue, although tibia way, some pieces of legislation that deal with the asset from crime aspect. Hereinafter new problems emerge notably practical applicability on the issue of asset recovery, including the absence or ineffectiveness of heritage inquiries, need to Changeover the mentality of of law operators and the pressing request for creating bodies or agencies that devolve management of seized goods, including its preservation provisional use, selling or leasing prior. On the legislative side, as well is approaching-acute the approval from a bill that comes to domain putting out civil action order to make it possible the enlarged lost, by taking into consideration the new global criminal policy adopted regarding the economic criminality was ratified by several international conventions and treaties. / O presente trabalho pretende efetuar uma análise crítica do modelo em curso no Brasil para gestão e destinação de bens apreendidos, sequestrados, arrestados, bloqueados e determinados perdidos pelo sistema de Justiça Penal. A globalização trouxe consigo o caráter transnacional do crime. Para fazer frente a essa problemática, uma nova política criminal passou a fazer parte da agenda internacional, assentada no tripé criminalização da lavagem de dinheiro, cooperação jurídica internacional e confisco de bens. A reação penal é deslocada para o âmbito econômico, uma vez que a aplicação da pena de prisão é considerada insuficiente para reprimir essa nova forma de criminalidade, notadamente nos denominados white-collar crimes . Com essa mudança de paradigma, diversas convenções e tratados internacionais ratificados pelo Brasil preconizam o objetivo de colocar o criminoso na situação patrimonial que possuía antes do cometimento do crime, o que deu corpo à edição, ainda que de maneira tíbia, de alguns diplomas legislativos que tratam do aspecto patrimonial do crime. Doravante, surgem novos problemas notadamente de aplicabilidade prática na questão da recuperação de ativos, tais como a ausência ou ineficiência de investigações patrimoniais, a necessidade de mudança de mentalidade dos operadores do direito e a urgente demanda para a criação de órgãos ou agências que se incumbam da gestão de bens apreendidos, incluindo a sua conservação, uso provisório, venda antecipada ou locação. No plano legislativo, avizinha-se também premente a aprovação de projeto de lei que trata da ação civil de extinção de domínio, a fim de tornar possível a perda alargada, levando-se em consideração a nova política criminal mundial adotada em relação à criminalidade econômica, ratificada por diversos tratados e convenções internacionais.