Discusses the contributions made by the atlas to our understanding and appreciation of Coast Salish history and culture and its intertwined relationship with newcomer history beginning in the late 18th Century. / The complete published book with images is available from ebrary to those who have access. Smith's chapter appears on pages 241-268. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/usask/docDetail.action?docID=10512806

The economic competition between the Netherlands, France and England is documented in the atlases published in Amsterdam, Paris and London between 1500 and 1800. However, the relationship between mapping and economic processes remains mostly unexplored in the history of cartography. World-system theory has application to the history of cartography in the early modern period for identifying the linkages between cartography and long-term economic processes.This research analyzes the production of maps, specifically in world and maritime atlases, in these three cities as the geographic expression of the emergent capitalist world system in early modern Europe. The economic concepts of core and periphery as proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein are defined cartographically in the structural morphologies of Dutch, French and English atlases published in this period. Each country mapped itself as a core and such cartographic self-definitions reflect their individual geographic and economic contexts. The Netherlands and England created core atlases in the sixteenth century that evolved in support of business and transport as well as state interests. The French core atlas initiated at the end of the seventeenth century was a governmentally sponsored survey dedicated primarily toward state administration control. The Netherlands, Fance and England also mapped their continental and extra-European peripheries in world and maritime atlases. Dutch engagement in long-distance trade in agricultural commodities created world-system commodity chains of production. Dutch maritime atlases defined these networks of commercial opportunity for the first time. The creators of the first printed world atlases, Dutch cartographers also structured their productions of atlases as a commercial enterprise marketed toward an international clientele. Dutch maritime atlases were an important innovation and Amsterdam atlas publication dominated cartography in the seventeenth century. English publishers adopted Dutch innovations in map production and succeeded to dominance in printing atlases whose structural morphology embodies a world-system of commodity networks. The relationship of cartography to long-term economic processes is demonstrated by the Dutch and English atlases. Early modern world atlases portray the cartographic world-view of core and periphery. The maritime atlases provide the first portrayal of long-distance trade networks that continue to characterize the capitalist exchange of commodities globally.

The economic competition between the Netherlands, France and England is documented in the atlases published in Amsterdam, Paris and London between 1500 and 1800. However, the relationship between mapping and economic processes remains mostly unexplored in the history of cartography. World-system theory has application to the history of cartography in the early modern period for identifying the linkages between cartography and long-term economic processes.This research analyzes the production of maps, specifically in world and maritime atlases, in these three cities as the geographic expression of the emergent capitalist world system in early modern Europe. The economic concepts of core and periphery as proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein are defined cartographically in the structural morphologies of Dutch, French and English atlases published in this period. Each country mapped itself as a core and such cartographic self-definitions reflect their individual geographic and economic contexts. The Netherlands and England created core atlases in the sixteenth century that evolved in support of business and transport as well as state interests. The French core atlas initiated at the end of the seventeenth century was a governmentally sponsored survey dedicated primarily toward state administration control. The Netherlands, Fance and England also mapped their continental and extra-European peripheries in world and maritime atlases. Dutch engagement in long-distance trade in agricultural commodities created world-system commodity chains of production. Dutch maritime atlases defined these networks of commercial opportunity for the first time. The creators of the first printed world atlases, Dutch cartographers also structured their productions of atlases as a commercial enterprise marketed toward an international clientele. Dutch maritime atlases were an important innovation and Amsterdam atlas publication dominated cartography in the seventeenth century. English publishers adopted Dutch innovations in map production and succeeded to dominance in printing atlases whose structural morphology embodies a world-system of commodity networks. The relationship of cartography to long-term economic processes is demonstrated by the Dutch and English atlases. Early modern world atlases portray the cartographic world-view of core and periphery. The maritime atlases provide the first portrayal of long-distance trade networks that continue to characterize the capitalist exchange of commodities globally.

My concern in this thesis is with the production of British school atlases between 1870 and 1930. I interpret this particular genre of map and book through the rich resource of the Bartholomew Archive, which holds the business and personal records of the Edinburgh mapmaking firm John Bartholomew & Son. School atlases were instrumental in the dissemination of geographical knowledge at a time when geographers were moulding their subject’s place in the universities and schools in Britain and in parts of the Empire beyond. This thesis builds on concepts in the history of the book, the history of the map and archive history in order to gain knowledge about the people and processes through which this particular type of mapbook was produced, moved and used, and to understand how it was bound up in the development of a discipline. In chapter 1, I outline the main themes of the thesis. The theoretical and methodological ideas underlying it are reviewed in detail in chapter 2. Chapter 3 illuminates the themes threading through the following empirical chapters, providing insight into school atlas production through a consideration of Bartholomew’s production ledgers and what these reveal about the nature of geographical publishing. Interactions between individual atlas producers form the focus of chapter 4, particularly negotiations between publishers, mapmakers, geographers and other professionals over the meaning of ‘author’. In chapter 5, I go on to address atlas production in relation to the pedagogy of regional geography used in schools and, particularly, its impact on school atlases for pupils in ‘local’ settings across the UK. This leads in chapter 6 to an interpretation of how this localising of school atlases was adapted to readers’ locations throughout the British Empire. Questions about readers’ role in the shaping of textual meaning are considered further in chapter 7, which draws on specific instances of producer-reader-atlas interactions to support the argument that reading and reviewing were processes conducted not only, as I show, by readers on the published text but, as I also indicate, they were practices performed by both producers and readers during atlas production. My findings in this thesis shed light on the publishing history of British school atlases, hitherto largely unexamined by historians of the map and historians of geography, and they contribute to our understanding of the production, movement and use of geographical knowledge in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Understanding mysteries of a brain represents one of the great challenges for modern science. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has two features that make it unique amongst other imaging modalities used in behavioral neuroscience. First, it can be entirely non-invasive and second, fMRI has the spatial and temporal resolution to resolve patterns of neuronal activity across the entire brain in less than a minute. fMRI indirectly detects neural activity in different parts of the brain by comparing contrast in MR signal intensity prior to and following stimulation. Areas of the brain with increased synaptic and neuronal activity require increased levels of oxygen to sustain this activity. Enhanced brain activity is accompanied by an increase in metabolism followed by increases in blood flow and blood volume. The enhanced blood flow usually exceeds the metabolic demand exposing the active brain area to high level of oxygenated hemoglobin. Oxygenated hemoglobin increases the MR signal intensity that can be detected in MR scanner. This relatively straight forward scenario is, unfortunately, oversimplified. The fMRI signal change to noise ratio is extremely small. In this work a quantitative analysis strategy to analyze fMRI data was successfully developed, implemented and optimized for the rat brain. Therein, each subject is registered or aligned to a complete volume-segmented rat atlas. The matrices that transformed the subject's anatomy to the atlas space are used to embed each slice within the atlas. All transformed pixel locations of the anatomy images are tagged with the segmented atlas major and minor regions creating a fully segmented representation of each subject. This task required the development of a full 3D surface atlas based upon 2D non-uniformly spaced 2D slices from an existing atlas. A multiple materials marching cube (M3C) algorithm was used to generate these 1277 subvolumes. After this process, they were coalesced into a dozen major zones of the brain (amygdaloid complex, cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, etc.). Each major brain category was subdivided into approximately 10 sub-major zones. Many scientists are interested in behavior and reactions to pain, pleasure, smell, for example. Consequently, the 3D volume atlas was segmented into functional zones as well as the anatomical regions. A utility (program) called Tree Browser was developed to interactively display and choose different anatomical and/or functional areas. Statistical t-tests are performed to determine activation on each subject within their original coordinate system. Due to the multiple t-test analyses performed, a false-positive detection controlling mechanism was introduced. A statistical composite of five components was created for each group. The individual analyses were summed within groups. The strategy developed in this work is unique as it registers segments and analyzes multiple subjects and presents a composite response of the whole group. This strategy is robust, incredibly fast and statistically powerful. The power of this system was demonstrated by mapping the olfactory system of a rat brain. Synchronized changes in neuronal activity across multiple subjects and brain areas can be viewed as functional neuro-anatomical circuits coordinating the thoughts, memories and emotions for particular behaviors using this fMRI module.

A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) atlas of southern African freshwater fish was developed for the SADC countries from natural history collection specimens, hydrological, topographical and climatological data. The primary purpose of the development of the atlas of freshwater fish was the construction of a practical framework to transform vast amounts of existing biological data for use in research and management of aquatic resources. The database of freshwater fish collection specimens that was incorporated into the atlas, was developed in association with ALCOM (Aquatic Resources Management for Local Community Development Programme). The development of advanced computing and GIS technology has increased the scope of biological atlas projects by facilitating the integration of large amounts of spatial data to produce derived databases for specific applications. The atlas of freshwater fish was constructed using TNTmips GIS software as the most practical system available for managing and analysing biological data with a spatial component. The atlas contains 35 180 comprehensive distribution records of 735 species of fish. It has many applications as an inventory of ichthyofaunal spatial biodiversity, including those of conservation planning, environmental assessment and biogeographic research. Biogeographic studies have traditionally been subjective due to the logistical problems of working with large amounts of distribution data, although some small-scale quantitative research has been carried out in the past. The content of the atlas of freshwater fish is tested with respect to these previous studies, on known patterns of freshwater fish distributions, and the analytical capability of the atlas is tested and demonstrated with some new preliminary approaches to the analysis of freshwater fish distributions in southern Africa.

A common approach to segment an MRI dataset is to use a standard atlas to identify different regions of interest. Existing 2D atlases, prepared by freehand tracings of templates, are seldom complete for 3D volume segmentation. Although many of these atlases are prepared in graphics packages like Adobe Illustrator® (AI), which present the geometrical entities based on their mathematical description, the drawings are not numerically robust. This work presents an automatic conversion of graphical atlases suitable for further usage such as creation of a segmented 3D numerical atlas. The system begins with DXF (Drawing Exchange Format) files of individual atlas drawings. The drawing entities are mostly in cubic spline format. Each segment of the spline is reduced to polylines, which reduces the complexity of data. The system merges overlapping nodes and polylines to make the database of the drawing numerically integrated, i.e. each location within the drawing is referred by only one point, each line is uniquely defined by only two nodes, etc. Numerous integrity diagnostics are performed to eliminate duplicate or overlapping lines, extraneous markers, open-ended loops, etc. Numerically intact closed loops are formed using atlas labels as seed points. These loops specify the boundary and tissue type for each area. The final results preserve the original atlas with its 1272 different neuroanatomical regions which are complete, non-overlapping, contiguous sub-areas whose boundaries are composed of unique polylines

This research will appraise the production and utility of digital atlases in an African context, using personal experience gained through the production of a digital atlas for Swaziland, the opinions obtained from other producers of African digital atlases and relevant literature. Since the 1950s, decision makers and researchers have viewed information as a powerful contributor to national development. Over the past thirty years, developed countries have increased the efficient collation and dissemination of geographic information through the utilization of the digital environment. The development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has increased the range of applications attainable in digital mapping projects. Applications have ranged from resource inventories to the monitoring of environmental degradation, crime patterns and service provision. The patchy history of data collection, analysis and mapping in Africa, has had a limiting effect on the ability of countries to identify, plan and control their resources efficiently. Despite the desire to automate the mapping process and reap some of the planning benefits evident in the developed world, Africa has not succeeded in mobilising full technological potential. Political instability, poor infrastructure, the absence of national policy guidelines, and a lack of skilled manpower are some of the issues which have limited utilization. Despite many of the hurdles faced by African countries, automated mapping and analysis technologies are still being pursued. The role of computers in the utilisation of data has become apparent through several means, one of which is the digital atlas. Analytical functions in many of these products allow situation modelling and provide superior graphic displays in comparison to their paper counterparts. Several African countries have embarked on the development of national digital databases and in some cases have produced digital national atlases. The potential to improve resource utilization, service provision and land use planning using these atlases, does exist. The production and utility of these atlases in an African context, however, needs closer assessment. "Computers don't clothe, don't cure, don't feed. Their power begins and ends with information. Their usefulness is therefore strictly linked to the ffectiveness of the information" (Gardner,1993:16).

Among the various remote sensing methods that can be used to map forest areas, the K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) supervised classification method is becoming increasingly popular for creating forest inventories in some countries. In this study, the utility of the KNN algorithm is evaluated for forest/non-forest/water stratification. Antalya is selected as the study area. The data used are composed of Landsat TM and Landsat ETM satellite images, acquired in 1987 and 2002, respectively, SRTM 90 meters digital elevation model (DEM) and land use data from the year 2003. The accuracies of different modifications of the KNN algorithm are evaluated using Leave One Out, which is a special case of K-fold cross-validation, and traditional accuracy assessment using error matrices. The best parameters are found to be Euclidean distance metric, inverse distance weighting, and k equal to 14, while using bands 4, 3 and 2. With these parameters, the cross-validation error is 0.009174, and the overall accuracy is around 86%. The results are compared with those from the Maximum Likelihood algorithm. KNN results are found to be accurate enough for practical applicability of this method for mapping forest areas.

Polygon-based classification applied on the unitemporal SPOT4 XS, SPOT5 XS, IKONOS XS, QuickBird XS and QuickBird Pansharpaned (PS) images is described. The study site is an agricultural area located near Karacabey, Turkey covering an area of about 95 km2. The objective was to assess the effect of the spatial resolution on the polygon-based classification of agricultural crops. Both the post-polygon and pre-polygon classifications were carried out. In the post-polygon classification, first, the images were classified on per-pixel basis through a Maximum Likelihood classifier. Then, for each field, the model class was computed and the field was assigned the label of the model class. In the pre-polygon classification, first, the mean values were calculated for each field. Then, the per-pixel Maximum Likelihood Classification was carried out using the mean bands. The post-polygon classification of the SPOT4 XS and SPOT5 XS images produced an overall accuracy of 76,1% and 81,4%, respectively. The IKONOS XS image provided the highest overall accuracy of 88,6%. On the other hand, the QuickBird XS and QuickBird PS images provided the overall accuracies of 83,7% and 85,8%, respectively. For the pre-polygon classification, the overall accuracies of the SPOT4 XS and SPOT5 XS images were computed to be 65,2% and 69,8%, respectively. Similar to the post-polygon classification, the IKONOS image provided the highest overall accuracy of 81,8% while the SPOT5 XS image revealed slightly better results than the SPOT4 XS image. The overall accuracies of the QuickBird XS and PS images were found to be 78,6% and 82,1%, respectively.