Previous understanding of the winter ice regime in Hudson Bay was limited. This investigation demonstrates the existence of a large coastal polynya in northwestern Hudson Bay. Measuring approximately 600 km long by 60 km wide, this polynya is typically opened and maintained by surface winds for periods of one to five days. Closing mechanisms result from decline in wind maintenance and apparent thermodynamic ice formation. Open water is present on the northwest coast at some size for up to 70% of the winter between ice formation and breakup. Observation of this open water during the period of the winter ice pack indicates that the ‘ice factory’, modelled previously, in northwest Hudson Bay exists. This furthers understanding of the freshwater budgets, stratification, and atmosphere-ocean interactions while presenting new questions about climate change and the future of the Hudson Bay physical system.

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter Infrared Radiometer and Venera 15 Fourier Transform Spectrometer observations of thermal emission from Venus' middle atmosphere between 10°S and 50°N were used to determine global maps of temperature, cloud optical depth and water vapour abundance. The spectral regions observed include the strong 15 μtm carbon dioxide band and the 45 μm fundamental rotational water band. The main aim of this thesis is to reconcile the water vapour abundance results from these two sets of observations reported in previous studies. New radiative transfer and retrieval models have been developed for this purpose based on new correlated-k absorption tables calculated with up-to-date spectral line data. The H₂SO₄ cloud opacity and scattering properties have been recalculated from new refractive index data using Mie theory. For the first time these two sets of observations have been analysed using the same retrieval tools. From the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Infrared Radiometer observations we report a high abundance of water vapour in the early afternoon at the equatorial cloud-top region and a strong day-night variability in the cloud-top pressure. From the Venera 15 Fourier Transform Spectrometer observations we report medium local variability in water vapour abundance, with highest values in the near-equatorial region and slight decrease towards the polar region. It is found that serious constraints are placed on the validation of the retrievals by the lack of adequately accurate H₂SO₄ optical properties data in the shorter wavelengths and by the poor vertical resolution when sensing the complex but interesting cloud region which prohibits its rigorous modelling. The proposed European Space Agency Venus Express mission will carry a number of high resolution infrared and UV instruments that will shed new light to the interesting question of water vapour abundance in Venus' middle atmosphere.

The number and size distributions of particles between 10 and 400 nm were measured in Toronto and rural Egbert during May 2007 to May 2008 to compare nucleation and growth at paired urban and rural locations. Particle formation and growth were observed in Egbert more frequently than in Toronto, and simultaneous events occurred on 34 out of 368 days. In contrast, formation and growth rates were both higher in Toronto. Further, a linear regression analysis suggested that compounds contributing to nucleation and growth processes were different in Toronto and Egbert. Vehicular emissions seemed to suppress particle formation in downtown Toronto. Nucleation also appeared to be suppressed by long-range transported pollutants originating from industrial regions in southwestern Ontario and northern Ohio in the United States. A Nucleation Indicator (NI) was developed by combining relevant parameters, and it was found to provide a reasonable measure of the probability of nucleation events occurring.

The number and size distributions of particles between 10 and 400 nm were measured in Toronto and rural Egbert during May 2007 to May 2008 to compare nucleation and growth at paired urban and rural locations. Particle formation and growth were observed in Egbert more frequently than in Toronto, and simultaneous events occurred on 34 out of 368 days. In contrast, formation and growth rates were both higher in Toronto. Further, a linear regression analysis suggested that compounds contributing to nucleation and growth processes were different in Toronto and Egbert. Vehicular emissions seemed to suppress particle formation in downtown Toronto. Nucleation also appeared to be suppressed by long-range transported pollutants originating from industrial regions in southwestern Ontario and northern Ohio in the United States. A Nucleation Indicator (NI) was developed by combining relevant parameters, and it was found to provide a reasonable measure of the probability of nucleation events occurring.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1970. / Bibliography: leaves [234]-242. / xv, 242 l illus., maps, tables

iv, 146 leaves : ill., appendices / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics, 1971

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, and (Ph. D.)--Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987. / Cover title. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-186).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-130).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales, 2000. / Online copy varies slightly. Also available online.