Acquisition and interpretation of 3-D seismic data led DeAngelo and Hardage (2001) to describe the channel system in the south central Cut Bank area in Glacier County, Montana. The presence of a low velocity layer called Bentonite was also discovered in the area with the help of well-logs. Bentonite is a volcanic ash, which lies on both sides of the channel system and is absent within the channel. DeAngelo and Hardage (2001) shot a vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey at well # 54-8 to analyze the formation structure in depth, since seismic signals around the reservoir area were unclear in the 3-D survey. This research attempts to estimate the attenuation properties of the Bentonite layer in the Cut Bank oil field. VSP data is processed for velocity information and estimation of seismic Q using the spectral ratios method (SRM). The SRM theoretically assumes that the propagating signal is a plane seismic wave traveling vertically from one point to another in a homogeneous model. The amplitudes at the start and end points are known and relate to each other with the attenuation coefficient in a frequency range. The relation between the seismic amplitudes at z distance from each other can be expressed as a linear function of frequency after a few modifications. SRM uses the linearity of the logarithmic ratio of the seismic amplitudes over a frequency range. In theory, ratios plotted against a frequency range must produce a flat line. However, in practice, the logarithmic ratios are expected to draw an approximate line (curve), where some of the data points deviate from the origin of the line. Thus fitting a line to the ratios curve and calculating the slope of this curve are necessary. Slope of the curve relates to the seismic attenuation coefficient and further to the seismic Q. The SRM results suggest that Bentonite may have a Q value as low as 5. This highly attenuative and thin (20 to 40 feet throughout the south central Cut Bank Unit) layer alters seismic signals propagating through it. A thorough analysis of the amplitude spectra suggests that seismic signals dramatically lose their energy when they pass through Bentonite. Low energy content of the signals below the Bentonite layer highlights that the recovery of the seismic energy is less likely despite the presence of multiples, which are known to affect the seismic signals constructively. Therefore, separation of reflected events is a greater challenge for the thin reservoir sand units lying underneath the Bentonite layer. Thus the Bentonite layer in the Cut Bank oil field has to be taken seriously and data processing should be done accordingly for better accuracy.

<p>Poznavanje spektra x-zračenja kao i drugih osobina je od izuzetnog&nbsp; značaja&nbsp; kako za planiranje radijacione terapije tako i sa aspekta za&scaron;tite pacijenta i osoblja. Takođe, poznavanje svojstava&nbsp; neutrona&nbsp; nastalih&nbsp; u interakciji fotona sa materijalima<br />oko akceleratora, je od izuzetnog značaja sa dozimetrijskog aspekta. Poslednjih godina sve se vi&scaron;e upotrebljavaju linearni akceleratori bez homogenizacionog filtera tzv. FFF (<em>Flatteninig Filter Free</em>), a kako su karakteristike snopa u toma načinu rada akceleratora jo&scaron; uvek nedovoljno ispitane, njima smo posvetili posebnu pažnju. Urađena su i detaljna dozimetrijska merenja fotona kako u radu sa homogenizacionim filterom (FF) tako i bez njega (FFF), kao i dozimetrijsko merenje neutrona. Direktno merenje samog<br />spektra nekim od detektora (NaI ili HPGe) nije moguće zbog visokih intenziteta stoga smo u radu koristili indirektne metode i to aktivacionu analizu i atenuacionu analizu.<br />Urađena su detaljna dozimetrijska merenja ekvivalentne doze neutrona u terapijskoj sobi sa dva zaokreta hodnika i na osnovu rezultata predložena je korekcija metode za izračunavanje neutronske doze na ulaznim vratima.&nbsp; Fotoaktivacionimmerenjima, gde su se u oba načina rada terapijskog&nbsp; akceleratora pratile aktivnosti izomera ^115m In, ustanovljeno je da se kod dva tipa&nbsp; akceleratora&nbsp; (Elekta Versa HD, Varian TrueBeam)&nbsp; oblik spektra u visokoenergetskom delu znatno razlikuje, kao i da postoji razlika u obliku spektra na ivici polja i u njegovoj sredini.&nbsp; Atenuacionom analizom&nbsp; na osnovu&nbsp; standardnog metoda rekonstrukcije fotonskog spektra putem Laplasovih transforma, dobijene su izvesne razlike u oblicima spektara za dva režima rada. Takođe,&nbsp; rekonstrukcijom spektra putem odabira parametara korekcine funkcije koja bi teorijski oblik spektra (&Scaron;ifova funkcija) trebao da prevede u realan spektar za oba režima rada dobijene su izvesne razlike u oblicima spektra. Dozimetrijska merenja fotonske doze na ulaznim vratima terapijske sobe sa&nbsp; jednim zaokretom, sa i bez homogenizacionog filtera za različite veličine polja i sa i bez vodenog kanistera koji simulira pacijenta u snopu, pokazuju da je izmerena&nbsp; doza na ulaznim vratima u FFF modu rada uvek niža od izmerene doze u slučaju da se koristi homogenizacioni filter.</p> / <p>Knoweledge of the x-ray spectrum as well as other characteristics of the beam is of&nbsp; great&nbsp; importance both for the planning of radiotherapy as well as for the protection of patients and staff. Also, the knowledge of the neutron properties generated&nbsp; in the interaction of photons with materials around the accelerator is of great importance from the dosimetric aspect. In recent years, linear accelerators are increasingly used without a flattening filter, so-called FFF (<em>Flatteninig Filter Free</em>), and as the characteristics of the&nbsp; beam in this mode of operation of the accelerator&nbsp; are still insufficiently&nbsp; investigated, we paid special attention to them. Detailed dosimetric measurements of photons were performed both with (FFF) and without the flattening&nbsp; filter (FF), as well as the dosimetric measurement of the neutron. Direct&nbsp; measurement of the spectrum itself by detectors (NaI or HPGe) is not possible due to&nbsp; high intensities, therefore, we used indirect methods in this work, both activation analysis and attenuation analysis. Detailed&nbsp; dosimetric measurements of the&nbsp; neutron&nbsp; equivalent dose in the therapeutic&nbsp; room with two band maze&nbsp; were made and based on the results, correction of the method for calculating the neutron dose at the entrance door was proposed. It was found by photoactivation measurements, where the activities of the isomer ^115mIn were investigated, that in the two types of accelerators (Elekta Versa HD, Varian TrueBeam) the spectrum shape in the high-energy part is significantly&nbsp; different, and that there is a spectrum difference in the edge of the field and in the middle of the field. Attenuation analysis, based on the standard method of reconstructing the photon spectrum through Laplace transforms, showed&nbsp; some differences in the spectra of&nbsp; the two working&nbsp; modes&nbsp; of accelerators. Also, by reconstructing the spectrum by correction function&nbsp; that&nbsp; should transform&nbsp; the&nbsp; theoretical spectrum&nbsp; form (the Schiff function)&nbsp; into a real spectrum for both modes of operation, certain differences&nbsp; in spectrum shapes were&nbsp; obtained. Dosimetric measurements of the photon dose at the entrance door of treatment room&nbsp; with a single maze with and without a homogenizing filter for different field sizes and with and without a water canister&nbsp; which simulates&nbsp; the patient in a beam showed&nbsp; that the measured dose at the entrance door in the FFF mode is always lower&nbsp; than the measured doses in FF mode.</p>