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Fuel cells have the potential to provide clean power for a variety of uses including stand-alone residential power. But to increase the acceptance of fuel cells for off-grid generation, the cost of the energy management system must be greatly reduced. Of the many ways to accomplish this, this paper looks at reducing cost through topology changes and elimination of current sensors. A dual 2.5kW non-isolated bidirectional boost converter is designed and analyzed. The various bidirectional boost topologies are compared on cost and ability to meet the specifications. A sensorless average current mode is designed, implemented and verified through testing in a low-cost fixed-point DSP. Both boost and buck modes are accurately modeled and voltage and current controllers are designed for good closed-loop response. The accuracy of the sensorless average current measurement is investigated in both modes of operation. A classical dual-loop controller is implemented in boost mode with the sensorless average current and in buck mode, a dual controller operating in either current or voltage mode is implemented. The design is verified through testing in boost and buck mode and it is shown that the results are acceptable. / Master of Science

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A necessidade de obter uma matriz energÃtica menos poluente e em harmonia com o meio ambiente à um tÃpico muito importante no sÃculo XXI. Este trabalho apresenta um conversor cc-ca de dois estÃgios para injetar a energia de um arranjo de painÃis fotovoltaicos à rede elÃtrica. O primeiro estÃgio à um conversor elevador, isolado, baseado na CÃlula de ComutaÃÃo de TrÃs Estados (CCTE), responsÃvel por elevar a tensÃo dos painÃis fotovoltaicos de 48 Vcc para 400 Vcc e de extrair a mÃxima potÃncia disponÃvel deles. O segundo estÃgio consiste em um conversor monofÃsico cc-ca, ponte completa, responsÃvel por injetar a energia na rede elÃtrica de baixa tensÃo (220 Vca, 60 Hz). SÃo apresentados estudos teÃricos e exemplos de projeto dos circuitos de potÃncia e controle para ambos os estÃgios e, com o objetivo de validar a anÃlise, sÃo apresentados resultados de simulaÃÃo computacional, complementados com resultados experimentais, correspondentes a um protÃtipo de laboratÃrio de 850 W. O rendimento global obtido experimentalmente à aproximadamente 86,5% enquanto que a distorÃÃo harmÃnica total da corrente entregue à rede elÃtrica obtida via simulaÃÃo computacional à 3,8% a plena carga. / In the 21st century, the need of a more clean and environment friendly power matrix has become a very important issue. Therefore this work presents a two stage cc-ac converter for connecting a photovoltaic array to the electrical grid. The 1st stage itâs an isolated boost converter, based in the Three Stage Switching Cell (TSSC), in charge of boosting the photovoltaic array voltage from 48 Vcc to 400 Vcc and to track its maximum power point. The 2nd stage is a single-phase cc-ac Full-Bridge converter responsible of injecting the photovoltaic power into the low voltage power grid (220 Vac, 60 Hz). Both, theoretical analysis and designs examples of power and control circuits are presented for the two stages and, in order to validate the analysis, simulation results complemented with experimental results from an 850 W laboratory prototype are presented. The overall efficiency obtained from the prototype was 86.5% while the total harmonic distortion of the current obtained via simulation was 3.8% at full load.

This Thesis addressed the challenge of ensuring balanced currents in the phases of a multi-kW, interleaved dc-dc converter by means of closed-loop digital control. The Thesis examines uniformly-sampled, valley-current, peak-current and average-current control for a dual interleaved boost converter with inter-phase transformer which might form part of the power train of an electric vehicle. Also, an enhancement of the average-current control is investigated in which the transistor duty-ratio is updated more rapidly, which allows an improvement of approximately ten times in the response speed of the system. Based on the theoretical analysis, the average-current control methodology was determined to be the most suitable technique for this type of converter as it ensures well-balanced phase currents over a wide range. To provide a basis for control system analysis and design for interleaved converters, a modelling methodology is developed based on a combination of multi-rate data-sampled theory and a small-signal averaged converter model. The model is shown to represent accurately the interaction between the interleaved phases, revealing a reduced stability range compared with a non-interleaved converter. The modelling and control methods are validated using switched and average value simulations obtained with the SABER software and by experimental results from a 25 kW, 30 kHz converter prototype. The control techniques were implemented on a Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 digital signal controller.