Having detailed anatomical knowledge when performing surgeries, is crucial to ensure a successful outcome. This is especially true when undertaking relatively new procedures. Even though nerve transfers and nerve grafts have been performed on the different parts of the brachial plexus for some time, nerve transfer and grafting procedures involving the axillary and radial nerves using a newly proposed axillary approach has not yet been fully studied. This study provides some enlightenment to the anatomy surrounding the axillary approach, with special regard to the axillary and radial nerves and their branches. The axillae of 51 (26 female and 25 male) formalin fixed cadavers were bilaterally dissected using a simulation of the axillary approach, which has been described to gain access to the brachial plexus in a clinical setting. Following which, various distances between easily identifiable anatomical landmarks and relevant neurovascular structures were measured, and observations regarding the relationship of these structures to the landmarks were recorded. This study found that the axillary nerve and its anterior and posterior divisions, as well as the radial nerve with its nerve to the long head of triceps brachii muscle could be easily identified however, their proximal parts were situated fairly deep and therefore were difficult to expose. Methods such as the musculo-arterial triangle described by Bertelli et al., which was designed to aid in identification on localization of the axillary nerve was also assessed; it was found to be relatively successful, however more consistent landmarks might be considered. In conclusion this study found that the axillary approach may serve as a reliable and safe method to reach the axillary and radial nerves, as well as their branches, allowing for adequate exposure when considering a nerve transfer or graft. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Anatomy / MSc / Unrestricted

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Physcomitrella patens, a haploid-dominant land plant, has increasingly become useful in molecular genetic studies and is a model for early land plant evolution. This thesis work explores the mucilage secretory hair ontology, development, and ultrastructure with microscopic methods. Axillary hair development parallels that of secretory tissues found in other mosses and ultrastructure shares important similarities with liverwort mucilage papillae. These mucilage secretory structures cover the developing apex and young leaves with mucilage for protection. Changes in the hair cell wall and mucilage secretion are mediated by pectin and wall modification. Using bioinformatic methods, this thesis also investigates protein-protein interactions in Physcomitrella to understand the molecular mechanisms governing pectin biosynthesis and modification.

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Open Access Article

The branching or tillering of crops is an important agronomic trait with a major impact on yield. Maintaining an appropriate number of branches allows the plant to use limited light resources and to produce biomass or yield more effectively. The branching process includes the initiation of the axillary meristem leading to bud formation and the further outgrowth of the axillary buds. Phytohormones, including cytokinins and auxin, are known to play major roles in regulating axillary bud outgrowth. Light signals, including light quantity and light quality, are among the most important factors regulating plant growth and are perceived by the action of specialized photoreceptors, including phytochromes. Phytochromes sense red (R) and far-red (FR) light and allow some plants to perceive and respond to competing neighbors by evoking the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). One component of the SAS is inhibition of branching. Phytochrome B (phyB) is especially important in sensing shade signals and loss of phyB function results in a constitutive shade avoidance phenotype, including reduced branching. While it has been anecdotally reported that phyB-deficient Arabidopsis branches less than wild type, a detailed study of the defects in the process is lacking. In this research, the interactions between light signals, phytochromes and phytohormones in the regulation of branching were assessed using an integrated physiological, molecular and genetic approach.

Thesis (MTech (Nursing))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. / To determine the incidence, risk factors and the treatment of lymphedema after breast cancer treatment at the oncology unit of KATH, Kumasi, Ghana from 01 January 2005 to 31 December 2008. Descriptive retrospective survey was used. Using a data capture sheet, data was collected from the medical records of the breast cancer patients. Breast cancer and lymphedema-related variables were collected. Data was analyzed as descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was applied to determine whether or not two variables are independent variables. Among 313 patients treated for breast cancer between 2005 and 2008, 31 (9.9%) developed lymphedema after treatment. A chi-square test showed that axillary lymph node dissection was statistically a significant risk factor of lymphedema (Chi-square test value=7.055, P value=0.008). Radiation and late stage of breast cancer diagnosis may have contributed in development of lymphedema despite having P value> 0.05. Age, body mass index (BMI) and hypertension were also not associated with lymphedema.

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Les lymphœdèmes secondaires au traitement du cancer du sein représentent une des comorbidités majeures de l’adénomectomie axillaire. L’exérèse des lymphonœuds axillaires est pointée comme la cause évidente de l’apparition du lymphœdème. Elle semble être une condition nécessaire, mais non suffisante, pour que les patientes développent un lymphœdème secondaire. Les patientes opérées selon la même procédure chirurgicale et affectées d’un lymphœdème secondaire peuvent être catégorisées en deux groupes :l’un présentant un œdème caractérisé par le signe du godet marqué et une réponse rapide aux bandages compressifs, l’autre montrant les signes inverses. Nous posons l’hypothèse que parmi les causes intercurrentes à la genèse du lymphœdème secondaire au traitement du cancer du sein, la procédure chirurgicale du creux axillaire peut induire des perturbations intermittentes de l’hémodynamique de la veine axillaire et provoquer une hyperfiltration d’amont. Notre travail montre que l’exérèse de tout ou partie de la lame cellulo-adipeuse qui contient les lymphonœuds et l’ouverture de la gaine axillaire, modifie les conditions biomécaniques de la veine axillaire, lorsque le bras est ballant le long du corps, ayant pour conséquence une occlusion partielle et intermittente de cette veine, ce qui détermine aux distalités du membre une augmentation de la filtration. Cette occlusion intermittente provoque un épaississement réactionnel local de l’endothélium veineux et induit à terme le développement d’un réseau veineux collatéral superficiel visible sur le thorax à l'aide de l'imagerie par thermographie à infrarouges lointains. Après avoir démontrer l’existence clinique de l'occlusion intermittente par différentes méthodes expérimentales et cliniques, nous avons proposer à la fois des moyens diagnostiques simples et initier une proposition de traitement chirurgical visant à rétablir de meilleures conditions hémodynamiques veineuses qui pourraient contribuer à la décongestion partielle du membre. / Doctorat en Sciences de la motricité / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished