Thesis (MHCS (History)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Inaug.-diss.--Kiel. / Lebenslauf. Title covered by label with title corrected: Die internationalen wirtschaftsbeziehungen in der ausserdeutschen literatur ... Literaturverzeichnis": 5th-6th p. l.

Thesis--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-111).

Inaugural-dissertation--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin. / No more published.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1957. / Typescript. Abstracted in Dissertation abstracts, v. 17 (1957) no. 10, p. 2179-2180. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 292-301).

Version revue et abrégée: Th.Ph.D.--La Trobe--La Trobe university. / Bibliogr. p.369-389. Index.

Title: Relationship of Energy Balance and Body Composition in Elite Female Gymnasts Background: Studies suggest that athletes participating in weight-specific and appearance-based sports, including gymnasts, are at risk for developing negative energy balance both during and at the end of the day. A prolonged state of negative energy balance has been associated with lower fat-free mass, higher fat mass, and lower bone mineral density. Energy balance is defined as energy in minus energy out, and has been viewed in the past as a static, 24-hour system that begins anew each day. This study examined the relationship of energy balance and body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body fat percent) and bone mineral density. Studies evaluating the relationship between energy balance and body composition have been conducted in the past, but few have taken into consideration hourly energy balance and the effects of multiple time periods of energy deficit of < -400kcal. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between energy balance and body composition in female gymnasts. Methods: This study utilized a secondary analysis of existing data, and included 23 female elite, nationally ranked, gymnasts. Participants were included in this analysis if they had completed three-day food and activity records and had full body DEXA scans. The food and activity records were analyzed using NutriTiming®, which predicts RMR via the Harris-Benedict equation, uses a MET-based relative intensity activity scale, and accesses the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26. NutriTiming provides both 24-hour and hourly energy balance values. Original data were collected as part of a study conducted at Georgia State University in 1993 that had received IRB-approval. The current study also received IRB approval. Results: Subject characteristics (mean ± SD) were: age (15.1 ±1. 58 years), height (151.3 ±7.7cm), and weight (45.63 ±8. 31kg). Average energy intake during the three days examined was 1375 kcal (±405), and the average predicted energy expenditure was 2430 kcal (± 298), for an energy balance of -1053 (± -438). Subjects were in a negative energy balance state the majority of the days analyzed. Spearman rho analysis found significant negative correlations between kcal consumed per kg bodyweight and body fat percent (r= -0.603, p=0.002), bone mineral density (r= -0.577, p=0.004), fat mass (r= -0.556, p=0.006), lean body mass (r= -0.466, p=0.025), lean body to height ratio (r= -0.466, p=0.025), and weight (r=-0.633, p=0.001). A significant amount of variance (R2= 0.435; SEE= ±0.05919, p=0.001) was explained in bone mineral density (dependent variable) with fat mass (independent variable). Conclusion: The associations in this study are consistent with previous studies evaluating the relationships between energy balance deficits and body composition, indicating that poor energy balance is associated with lower lean and higher fat mass. Lean body mass, fat mass, and BMD were positively correlated with age, but 24-hour energy balance was negatively correlated with age (r= -0.484; p=0.019), suggesting that, although growing, subjects were consuming less energy with increasing age.

In 1973 and again in 1979 oil prices increased dramatically forcing many developed and developing nations to begin programmes of energy conservation in different areas of industry. I.R Iran as an oil producing and exporting country never felt the full effect of these global oil shortages. Therefore, it was one of the few countries in the world not to invest much time or money in the study of energy conservation. Recent studies have shown that in less than two decades domestic oil consumption and Iranian oil production will balance. When this happens Iran will lose its revenue from oil exports, upon which it is dependent for foreign currency, and may even have to begin to import energy. Therefore, Iran is not only behind most countries in the investigation of energy conservation technology but is facing severe shortages. This thesis studies Iran's energy production, consumption, and outlines the possibilities for energy conservation in Iran. Chapters 1 through 4 of this work introduce Iran, its geography and location and also provide a synopsis of its current energy situation. Chapter 2 explains Iran's energy balance, outlining the production and consumption of the different fuels used in Iran. Chapter 3 looks at energy demand forecasts as well as price and income elasticities. It is this chapter that highlights Iran's impending energy crisis. Chapter 4 discusses the general energy efficiency potential and obstacles to that energy efficiency in Iran. This chapter touches on the subjects of fuel prices and the institutions set up to control energy. Chapter 5 looks at energy conservation in Industry. It is divided into two main parts; first, a general look at industrial energy conservation techniques and practices in developed and developing nations; second, a specific look at energy conservation in Iranian industry. The latter section is itself divided into three parts; one, an energy audit of the National Industries Organization; two, energy conservation in the cement industry with a specific case study done at the Tehran cement factory; and, three, a general look at energy conservation in the glass industry, with a specific case study done at the Ghazvin Glass Company. Chapter 6 examines energy conservation in Transportation. It opens with a general overview of technical and managerial aspects of energy conservation in transportation in general around the world. Next, it discusses potential for energy conservation related to transportation in Iran. Chapter 7 discusses energy conservation in Mining. There has been very little work done on this subject, especially when compared to the information available on energy conservation in transportation and industry. Therefore, a special study was carried out in this field. This study identified a number of possible areas of energy conservation in mining. A separate section of Chapter 7 describes the Iranian mining sector and notes that its growth will necessitate quite a lot of work on energy conservation in that sector. Chapters 8 and 9 examine Employment and the Environmental aspects of energy conservation. First the subjects are examined in a general way and then they are discussed specifically for the case of Iran. Chapter 10 contains the conclusion and recommendations for every chapter of this work. The study of energy production and use in Iran which is described and discussed in this thesis is related to recommended actions for the future. It is shown that energy conservation can play an important role in the Iranian economy. Not only can it have positive environmental and employment effects, but it can delay the time when Iran ceases to be a net exporter of oil.

La qualité de l’air à l’intérieur d’un habitacle (QAH) est un sujet d’intérêt grandissant chez les constructeurs automobiles soucieux de garantir un air sain et une ambiance olfactive agréable dans leurs véhicules. La QAH s’évalue par l’innocuité des composés émis dans l’habitacle vis-à-vis des voies respiratoires et de la peau. Elle se traduit également par l’odeur générée par le mélange de ces composés. La diversité des matériaux utilisés et le degré de confinement de l’habitacle sont à l’origine, à l’état neuf, de la pollution intérieure. Le but de ces travaux est d’abord d’accroître les connaissances sur les sources d’émissions de composés organiques volatils (COV) et d’odeurs mais également d’évaluer leur impact sur la QAH. De nombreuses techniques d’échantillonnage et d’analyses des COV ainsi que des méthodes d’évaluation olfactive ont donc été mises en œuvre. Sur un véhicule modèle, l’impact des pièces de l’habitacle sur la QAH a été évalué, d’une part, grâce à la mise en œuvre d’un modèle de calcul des contributions des pièces aux teneurs ambiantes de l’habitacle (Chemical Mass Balance) ; et d’autre part, grâce à des analyses multi-variées des profils sensoriels des pièces et de l’habitacle. Enfin, le croisement des données physico-chimiques et des données sensorielles obtenues, ainsi que des mesures par GC-Olfactométrie ont permis d’identifier des familles de composés responsables des odeurs en habitacle. / The car air quality (CAQ) inside the passenger compartment is a subject of growing interest among manufacturers concerned with ensuring a healthy car interior and a pleasant olfactory ambiance in their vehicles. The CAQ is nowadays evaluated for innocuity of the compounds emitted into the cabin towards the respiratory tract and the skin, but also for the odorous synergy of the mixture of compounds. The variety of materials and the confinement level of new cabins are the factors behind car indoor pollution. The primary aim of this work is to increase knowledge about the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and odors, but also to assess their impact on the CAQ. Numerous VOC sampling and analysis techniques and odor evaluation methods have been implemented. The impact of each car part on the CAQ was assessed, firstly, using model calculations to determine the contributions of each car part to ambient VOC levels (Chemical Mass Balance) and secondly, by multivariate analysis of sensory profiles of car parts and cabin assembly. Finally, linking chemical and sensory data and GC-Olfactometry analysis allowed for identification of chemical families involved in car cabin smells.

China's soaring surpluses from 2005 - 2010 have attracted international criticism. This thesis evaluates China's current balance of payments and its underlying factors.