京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 乙第13303号 / 論人健博第6号 / 新制||人健||5(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 青山 朋樹, 教授 黒木 裕士, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

This diploma thesis is solving a problem of energy intensity evaluation of professional laundry process. It presents computational model of tumble dryer and calender. There are described factors in calender model, which influence energy intensity of drying process. Verification of the model has been done according to measured data from real professional laundry premise.

Les paradigmes expérimentaux de l'initiation de la marche (IM) et du rattrapage de l'équilibre (RE) consécutif à une chute-avant ont été choisis pour identifier les adaptations motrices éventuelles chez les enfants souffrant de lésions cérébrales (PC) bilatérales et unilatérales vs. les enfants avec un développement normal (DN). Les enfants PC et DN étaient âgés entre 5 et 16 ans. Les enfants PC avaient une marche autonome sans aide technique. Les résultats montraient que, dans l'IM, les différents groupes d'enfants présentent des patterns biomécaniques et d'activités EMG comparables lorsque l'appui est sain. Plus particulièrement, la présence d'un freinage de la chute pendant la phase pendulaire, qui est l'indice qui caractérise la maturation du processus de la marche, chez les plus jeunes PC indique l'absence de retard. Lorsque l'appui est sur le côté lésé, le freinage est absent voire faible. Cette absence de freinage peut être imputée à la modification de l'appui en équin. De même, les tracés biomécaniques et EMG dans RE montraient des patterns comparables entre les différents groupes d'enfants. Toutefois une différence remarquable peut être distinguée par rapport à l'activité EMG des muscles fléchisseurs plantaires et dorsaux des adultes. Chez les adultes, la chute provoque une réponse précoce bilatérale des Soleus accompagnée parallèlement d'une activité de faible amplitude des TA. Chez les enfants, les TA montraient une importante bouffée EMG en même temps que la bouffée du Soleus. La suppression de cette bouffée précoce lorsque la chute est rapidement arrêtée annihilant l'exécution du pas suggère que les enfants DN et PC déclencheraient en même temps la réaction à la chute et le programme d'initiation du pas. Si les enfants PC pouvaient réalisés les deux tâches motrices, exécution du pas normal et exécution du pas provoqué, c'est semble-t-il grâce à la toxine botulique qui avait permis à l'enfant PC de se mettre debout libre, apprendre à contrôler son équilibre postural et la marche. / Experimental paradigms of gait initiation (GI) and balance recovery (BR) following a forward-fall were chosen to study motor adaptation in cerebral palsy (CP) children as compared to typical development children (TD). Children age ranged between 5 and 16 y.o. PC children walked independently. Results in GI showed that biomechanical and EMG pattern are comparable between the different groups when stance foot was on sound side. More particularly, the presence of fall braking during swing phase, which is a maturation index of gait process, in young CP indicates that there is no delay. When stance foot is on affected side, fall braking is absent that can be explained by equines foot. In BR, biomechanical and EMG traces are comparable between the different groups. However, if compare to adults, there is a striking difference in the EMG patterns. In adults, the fall elicited a bilateral burst of EMG in Soleus muscle, in parallel Tibialis anterior (TA) showed concomitant EMG activity but with lower amplitude. In children, TA showed a burst of EMG activity in parallel to SOL. This TA EMG burst was suppressed whether the fall was arrested annihilating the stepping. This result suggests that children trigger at the time the fall reaction program and the stepping program. If CP children can carry out both motor tasks, normal stepping and provoked stepping, this was thanks to use of botulinum toxin which help children standing up. Then, the mechanism of balance control can operate, and supporting gait acquisition.

There is emerging evidence for the potential of occupational back-support exoskeletons (BSEs) to reduce physical demands, and thereby help control/prevent the risk of overexertion injuries associated with manual material handling. However, it is important to understand whether BSEs also introduce any unintended safety challenges. One potential risk associated with BSE use is increased risk of falls, since their extra weight, rigid structure, and external hip extension torque may increase demands on the postural control system. However, there is currently limited evidence on whether, and to what extent, BSE use alters postural stability and/or fall risk. The primary goal of this work was to understand the effects of exoskeleton use, and quantify the effects of exoskeleton design parameters, on balance and postural stability, with a focus on passive BSEs used for repetitive lifting work. A comprehensive evaluation of BSE use was performed under controlled laboratory conditions, focusing on three classes of human activity that form the basis of maintaining postural balance in diverse real-life scenarios: maintenance of a specified posture, voluntary movement, and reaction to an external perturbation. The first study demonstrated that during quiet bipedal stance, BSE use increased median frequency and velocity of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior direction. In the second study on level walking, BSE use caused an increase in gait step width and gait variability, and decrease in the margin of stability. BSE use with high supportive torque led to adapted gait patterns in early-stance phase. Hip range of motion and peak hip flexion velocity also decreased, and participants exhibited different strategies to increase mechanical energy for propelling the leg in late-stance phase: these effects increased with increasing torque applied by the exoskeleton. In the final study, BSE use did not alter the maximal lean angle from which individuals could successfully execute single step balance recovery, following a forward loss of balance. However, several recovery responses were negatively affected by BSE use, including increased reaction time, impeded hip flexion, and reduced margin of stability in the high-torque condition. This is the first systematical investigation to quantify the effects of passive BSEs with multiple supportive torque levels on balance and postural stability. While exoskeleton effects on static balance were minimal, more substantial changes in gait spatiotemporal parameters, hip joint kinematics, and dynamic margins of stability were observed in the later studies. Our results indicate that postural stability deteriorated with exoskeleton use in dynamic conditions, and provide mechanistic insight into how stability is altered by different exoskeleton design factors such as added mass, restricted range of motion, and external hip extension torque. While our results are suggestive of increased fall risk, especially in the high-torque condition, fall risk in real life is moderated by a complex combination of individual and environmental conditions. Future work should consider more complex, realistic tasks and also include a more diverse sample that is studied under longer exposure durations, to further elucidate these findings. Our characterizations of a wide variety of postural responses as a function of exoskeleton torque settings are expected to contribute to improving both design and practice guidelines to facilitate the safe adoption of BSEs in the workplace. / Doctor of Philosophy / Occupational back-support exoskeletons (BSEs) – wearable mechanical systems designed to support, augment, and/or assist back extension – are expected to serve as an alternative workplace intervention to control and prevent overexertion injuries related to manual material handling tasks. While recent studies have shown the beneficial effects of BSE use in terms of physical load reduction on the low back, some concerns have also been raised on unexpected or unintended effects of exoskeletons. One potential risk associated with exoskeleton use is increased risk of falls, since a BSE's extra weight, rigid structure, and external hip extension torque are expected to place increased demands on the postural control system. Increase in fall risk is a critical safety concern, as occupational falls are a serious problem in terms of injuries, medical/industrial cost, and lost work time. However, there exists limited evidence on whether the use of a BSE alters postural stability and/or increases fall risk. Hence, the goal of our study was to quantify the effects of BSE use on postural stability in various conditions related to real-life scenarios, such as standing balance, walking stability and how one would respond to a loss of balance following an external perturbation. Our results showed that during quiet standing, BSE use slightly increased postural sway. In level walking tasks, BSE use had adverse effects on step length, step width, and dynamic stability. Furthermore, wearing a BSE with high supportive torque led to adapted gait patterns in early-stance phase, whereas participants showed different strategies to increase mechanical energy for propelling the leg in late-stance phase. In the final study investigating single step balance recovery following a forward loss of balance, we found that BSE use negatively affects balance recovery, mainly by impeding hip flexion. Thus, our work suggests that exoskeleton use can deteriorate balance and/or postural stability in situations of static standing, voluntary walking, and reacting to an external perturbation, thereby potentially leading to an increase in fall risk. These effects may be more pronounced among specific population sub-groups such as older workers, and may also affect individuals more severely under conditions of stress or fatigue. Hence, future studies must include more rigorous testing of BSE use using a variety of challenging and realistic scenarios, and also include more diverse population samples. The findings from this work are expected to contribute to improving design and practice guidelines to facilitate the safe adoption of BSEs in the workplace.