by Mak Kwai-ming, Simon [and] Lam Hing-wai, Johnny. / Bibliography: leaves 79-80 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

by Vivien W.Y. Pau & Samuel S.K. Wan. / Bibliography: leaves 159-160 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

The Internet has had and will continue to have a major impact in the way in which banking business is conducted. This dissertation primarily considers the allocation of risks associated with Internet banking and in doing so considers the role of trade usage in Internet banking. The question of what the Internet is and more specifically what constitutes Internet banking is addressed. In order to have an understanding of the allocation of risks in Internet banking a good understanding of the traditional bank-customer relationship is necessary. The contractual basis for this relationship is discussed. The duties of the bank and the customer are discussed. In this regard the duty of a bank to act in terms of its customers mandate, the banks duty of confidentiality and the customers duty to exercise reasonable care are considered. The concept of a customer is briefly discussed. As trade usage plays a significant role in the contract between the bank and its customer, attention is given to the requirement for the recognition of a trade usage generally and more particularly in South Africa. The effect of Internet banking on the traditional bank-customer relationship is considered. The fact that a bank is still required to act in terms of its customer's mandate but is unable to identify is examined. As most Internet banking contracts impose an obligation on the customer to take security precautions and also limit the liability of banks, consideration is finally given to the possibility that the practices of banks in regard to Internet banking may have acquired the status of trade usage in this particular sphere of banking. / LL.M. (Banking Law)

The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of Basel ll on the South African banking system through possible changes in the way in which a bank conducts its business. This purpose arose from the publication of the new Basel ll Framework on 26 June 2004, which has been adopted for implementation by the South African Reserve Bank. South Africa has set January 1, 2008 as the implementation date for Basel ll. The South African banks have mainly been focussing their efforts on becoming Basel ll compliant. Business line management and marketers have up until now not paid much attention to the likely impact of Basel ll on their markets and product offerings. A literature study was undertaken which included a review of the Basel ll Framework, impact studies and a review of the relevant literature on the topic. The Framework was analysed in order to determine the major impact themes. Once these impact themes were identified, the literature on those areas of impact was researched. The analysis of the Basel ll Framework identified three important themes that will have a significant impact on banks. There will firstly be an impact on market segments and product offerings. Secondly, there will be an internal impact on the banks in the form of increased costs, decision-making and capital management. The final theme identified was the global impact on the banks, especially regarding procyclicality and mergers and acquisitions. vii The research indicates that there will be both winners and losers. Banks that have large retail and mortgage exposures will benefit the most from Basel ll, whereas banks that have large exposures to sovereigns, banks and specialised lending portfolios will be negatively impacted. A capital charge for operational risk will mean that some areas such as corporate finance and asset management will be allocated capital, which was not the case under Basel l. Studies indicate that this new operational risk capital requirement more than outweighs any reduction in credit risk capital requirements. Customers that have high credit ratings are more likely to benefit from lower credit spreads. Similarly customers that have poor credit ratings can expect an increase in their pricing due to the higher capital requirements for these customers, unless they can provide a bank with ancillary revenues. Competition in the retail and mortgage markets will intensify due to the favourable capital requirements for these portfolios. The large South African banks will become takeover targets because of their large exposures to these markets. Basel ll will have a major impact on the way in which banks will do business in the future and as a result banks should view the implementation of the Framework as an opportunity to gain strategic advantages rather than just a compliance obligation. / Prof. A. Boessenkool

by Cheong Suk-Ying. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LISTS OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / CHAPTERS / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Scope of Study --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Framework of Report --- p.3 / Chapter 2. --- HONG KONG AS AN INTERNATIONAL BANKING CENTRE --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Degree of Internationalization of Hong Kong's Banking Industry --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Key Success Factors For Hong Kong's Development As An International Banking Centre --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4 --- Characteristics and Trends of Developments For The Foreign Banks in Hong Kong --- p.12 / Chapter 3. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1 --- Literature Review --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- Questionnaire --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3 --- Personal Interviews --- p.17 / Chapter 3.4 --- Limitations --- p.18 / Chapter 4. --- RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.20 / Chapter 4.1 --- Questionnaire Survey --- p.20 / Factors Ranking --- p.20 / Changes in Factors' Conditions --- p.23 / Scope of Business --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Business Opportunities --- p.31 / Trade Financing --- p.31 / Project Financing --- p.34 / Investment Banking --- p.36 / Private Banking --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3 --- Interpretations and Implications --- p.40 / Chapter 5. --- HONG KONG'S FUTURE AS AN INTERNATIONAL BANKING CENTRE --- p.44 / Chapter 5.1 --- The China Issue --- p.44 / Chapter 5.2 --- Competition From Neighboring Economies --- p.45 / Chapter 5.3 --- Improving Competitiveness --- p.46 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.50 / APPENDICES --- p.53 / Chapter I. --- The Banking System of Hong Kong / Chapter II. --- Sample Questionnaire / Chapter III. --- Composition of Survey Respondents / Chapter IV. --- Regression Results of Cross-Country Correlation of Factors' Ranking / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.63

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 504-551).

The Internet has had and will continue to have a major impact in the way in which banking business is conducted. This dissertation primarily considers the allocation of risks associated with Internet banking and in doing so considers the role of trade usage in Internet banking. The question of what the Internet is and more specifically what constitutes Internet banking is addressed. In order to have an understanding of the allocation of risks in Internet banking a good understanding of the traditional bank-customer relationship is necessary. The contractual basis for this relationship is discussed. The duties of the bank and the customer are discussed. In this regard the duty of a bank to act in terms of its customers mandate, the banks duty of confidentiality and the customers duty to exercise reasonable care are considered. The concept of a customer is briefly discussed. As trade usage plays a significant role in the contract between the bank and its customer, attention is given to the requirement for the recognition of a trade usage generally and more particularly in South Africa. The effect of Internet banking on the traditional bank-customer relationship is considered. The fact that a bank is still required to act in terms of its customer's mandate but is unable to identify is examined. As most Internet banking contracts impose an obligation on the customer to take security precautions and also limit the liability of banks, consideration is finally given to the possibility that the practices of banks in regard to Internet banking may have acquired the status of trade usage in this particular sphere of banking. / LL.M. (Banking Law)

The aim of this paper is to analyse processes particularly connected with providing bank services. Accordingly, those which enable standard bank existence; lead to the bargain; hedge the risks which rise from this bargain; accomplish book entry of this bargain and assure the profit. The analysis provides the "big picture" of all the circumstances with influence on bank financial management and adverts to aspects determining the bank sector. The outcome of the analysis is the overview of bank regulations, risk management and achieving expected return on equity.

This project will identify the options available to a credit union desiring to open an office of the securities industry to provide investment products and advisory services to its member. The three options identified are becoming a branch office of an established broker/dealer, becoming an introducing broker/dealer, or purchasing an existing broker/dealer. An analysis will identify the required needs of an account executive in a computer system, client statements, and client confirmations. It will also analysis the capital requirements, the expenses of opening and running an office, fees charged to clients, and the licenses required. This project will show that any of these three options are feasible for a credit union but which option is chosen will be determined by the size and capital of the credit union undertaking this business venture.

This research study had two distinct objectives. The first objective was to determine in which areas in South African banks the most severe operational risk losses are likely to occur (based on the Basel II seven loss event types and eight business lines). Severity was assessed based on single operational risk events that might have significant monetary values attached to them. The likely frequency of single operational risk events was also assessed. The investigation of the aforementioned research problem was explorative and quantitative of nature, as the researcher made extensive use of survey research in the form of a questionnaire to all registered banks. The second part of the research study’s objective was to assess the range of practices in collecting internal loss data for operational risk purposes as required by Basel II. This part was approached from a qualitative perspective, by benchmarking the research findings against the Basel II text, the researcher’s experience in risk management in banks, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s Sound Practices for the Management and Supervision of Operational Risk, and related literature. The literature review, including reference to certain surveys and studies, focuses on the main concepts of operational risk within banks that are pertinent to the research problem. The literature review also includes several references to the Basel II text and other relevant publications and papers issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The research results revealed that respondents in South African banks believed that ‘business disruption and system failures’ is the loss event type that is likely to result in the most severe single operational risk loss. ‘Trading and sales’ scored the same high average rating as ‘business disruption and system failures’ as the business line where the most severe single operational risk loss is likely to occur in South African banks. ‘External fraud’ and ‘execution, delivery and process management’ scored the highest average ratings as the loss event types where the most frequent operational risk losses are likely to occur. Respondents indicated that ‘retail banking’ is the business line where the most frequent single operational risk losses are likely to occur in South African banks. Based on the above-mentioned findings the researcher recommends that these high-risk areas be highlighted to the Bank Supervision Department of the South African Reserve Bank, the boards of directors and senior management of banks in order for them to strengthen banks’ internal controls. The researcher recommends the inclusion of near misses and opportunity cost in operational risk loss databases. Banks should at least capture the date of the discovery of an operational risk event as this represents acceptable practice among the majority of banks. Operational risk losses should be assigned to the multiple business activities in which it occurred on a pro-rata basis. All recoveries of operational risk losses should be processed separately, but associated with the original loss event. Replacement cost is seen as the most appropriate way to capture gross loss amounts for the damage to fixed assets. The researcher encourages the recording of overtime cost for fixing systems failures. Market risk losses due to operational risk events should be treated as market risk losses, while loan-related losses due to operational risk failures should be treated as credit risk losses by banks. The researcher’s view is that banks should set different thresholds for the collection of operational risk losses for its various business units based on each business unit’s operations and nature of business. Banks should, as a starting point, map operational risk events to the Basel II 8x7 matrix. Operational risk losses should be assessed by both legal entity and on a consolidated basis.